path: root/skate/reduce.go

// This file contains various "reducers", which e.g. merge data from two
// streams and apply a function on groups of documents with a shared key.
//
// Note: This is a bit repetitive, but we do not want to introduce any other
// abstraction for now. Since most of the logic is in the "grouper" functions,
// we could make them top level values and then assemble the zipkey runner on
// the fly.
//
// The most confusing aspect currently is the variety of schemas hidden within
// the readers (and string groups): release, ref, biblioref, csl,
// ref-as-release, open library, wikipedia, ...
//
// We call the biblioref schema sometimes just bref, for short.
//
// TODO:
// * [ ] pass release stage through all match types
// * [ ] switch to faster logging, e.g. zerolog, https://github.com/rs/zerolog#benchmarks
// * [x] batch, parallelize
// * [ ] unify flags to "-a", "-b"
//
// A couple more ideas to improve.
//
// * each reducer could be its own type instead of a function in order to allow
//   for customizations, options, e.g.
//
// type ReduceExact struct {
//   ReleasesReader io.Reader
//   RefsReader     io.Reader
//   W              io.Writer
//   MatchResult    MatchResult
// }
//
// func (r *ReduceExact) Run() error { ... }
//
package skate

import (
	"crypto/sha1"
	"encoding/base32"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"git.archive.org/martin/cgraph/skate/set"
	"git.archive.org/martin/cgraph/skate/xio"
	"git.archive.org/martin/cgraph/skate/zipkey"
	"github.com/segmentio/encoding/json"
)

var (
	// timeNow is used for mocking time in tests.
	timeNow = time.Now
	// a few sane dates to accept
	minDate = 1500
	maxDate = time.Now().AddDate(5, 0, 0).Year()
)

// groupLogf logs a message alongsize a serialized group for debugging.
func groupLogf(g *zipkey.Group, s string, vs ...interface{}) {
	log.Printf(s, vs...)
	b, _ := json.MarshalIndent(g, "", "    ")
	log.Println(string(b))
}

// ZippyExact takes a release and refs reader (key, doc) and assigns a fixed
// match result, e.g. for doi matches.
func ZippyExact(releases, refs io.Reader, matchResult MatchResult, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		ts      = timeNow().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
		enc     = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			var (
				target *Release
				ref    *Ref
				bref   BiblioRef
				err    error
			)
			if len(g.G0) == 0 || len(g.G1) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			if target, err = parseRelease(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				groupLogf(g, "[skip] failed to parse release: %v", err)
				return nil
			}
			for _, line := range g.G1 {
				if ref, err = parseRef(Cut(line, 2)); err != nil {
					log.Printf("[skip] failed to parse ref from line: '%s'", line)
					continue
				}
				bref.Reset()
				bref.Key = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%d", ref.ReleaseIdent, ref.Index)
				bref.IndexedTs = ts
				bref.SourceReleaseIdent = ref.ReleaseIdent
				bref.SourceWorkIdent = ref.WorkIdent
				bref.SourceReleaseStage = ref.ReleaseStage
				bref.SourceYear = fmt.Sprintf("%d", ref.ReleaseYear)
				bref.RefIndex = ref.Index
				bref.RefKey = ref.Key
				bref.TargetReleaseIdent = target.Ident
				bref.TargetWorkIdent = target.WorkID
				bref.MatchProvenance = ref.RefSource
				bref.MatchStatus = matchResult.Status.Short()
				bref.MatchReason = matchResult.Reason.Short()
				if err := enc.Encode(bref); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	zipper := zipkey.New(releases, refs, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyExactReleases takes two release readers (key, doc) and assigns a fixed
// match result, e.g. used with release entities converted from open library snapshots.
func ZippyExactReleases(olr, releases io.Reader, matchResult MatchResult, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		enc     = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			var (
				target, re *Release
				err        error
			)
			if len(g.G0) == 0 || len(g.G1) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			if target, err = parseRelease(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				groupLogf(g, "[skip] failed to parse release: %v", err)
				return nil
			}
			for _, line := range g.G1 {
				if re, err = parseRelease(Cut(line, 2)); err != nil {
					groupLogf(g, "[skip] failed to parse release: %v", err)
					continue
				}
				if target.WorkID == "" {
					continue
				}
				var bref BiblioRef
				bref.SourceReleaseIdent = re.Ident
				bref.SourceWorkIdent = re.WorkID
				bref.SourceReleaseStage = re.ReleaseStage
				bref.SourceYear = fmt.Sprintf("%d", re.ReleaseYear())
				bref.RefIndex = re.Extra.Skate.Ref.Index
				bref.RefKey = re.Extra.Skate.Ref.Key
				bref.TargetOpenLibraryWork = target.WorkID
				bref.MatchProvenance = re.Extra.Skate.Ref.Source
				bref.MatchStatus = matchResult.Status.Short()
				bref.MatchReason = matchResult.Reason.Short()
				if err := enc.Encode(bref); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	zipper := zipkey.New(olr, releases, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyExactWiki takes a release and wiki reader (key, doc) and assigns a
// fixed match result.
func ZippyExactWiki(releases, wiki io.Reader, mr MatchResult, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		enc = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		// TODO: Use slug version of title. Also consider a generic schema
		// (e.g. one that would look similar for OL, WB, WP, ...)
		b32enc  = base32.StdEncoding.WithPadding(base32.NoPadding)
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			var (
				target                 *Release
				wiki                   *MinimalCitations
				key, lang, encodedPage string
				err                    error
			)
			if len(g.G0) == 0 || len(g.G1) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			if target, err = parseRelease(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			// Sort out a few duplicates, e.g.
			// lfqxs3tv_obj3cjr5wrhjffnmgze5jn7a4a,
			// z2kc233qnfxwszbaojswgzlqorxxe_f7mn45dvyvespbv2pxgyt674k4, ...
			seen := set.New()
			for _, line := range g.G1 {
				if wiki, err = parseWiki(Cut(line, 3)); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				var bref BiblioRef
				// We use lowercase base32 w/o padding of the original
				// PageTitle as component for the id. XXX: ok for now?
				if wiki.Language == "" {
					lang = "en" // XXX: We currently only use "en" subset.
				} else {
					lang = wiki.Language
				}
				encodedPage = strings.ToLower(b32enc.EncodeToString([]byte(lang + ":" + wiki.PageTitle)))
				key = fmt.Sprintf("wikipedia_%s_%s", encodedPage, target.Ident)
				if seen.Contains(key) {
					continue
				}
				seen.Add(key)
				bref.Key = key
				bref.SourceWikipediaArticle = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", lang, wiki.PageTitle)
				bref.TargetReleaseIdent = target.Ident
				bref.TargetWorkIdent = target.WorkID
				bref.MatchProvenance = "wikipedia"
				bref.MatchStatus = mr.Status.Short()
				bref.MatchReason = mr.Reason.Short()
				if err := enc.Encode(bref); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	zipper := zipkey.New(releases, wiki, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyVerifyRefs takes a release and refs (as release) reader (key, doc), run
// fuzzy verification and will emit a biblioref document, if exact or strong
// match.
func ZippyVerifyRefs(releases, refs io.Reader, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		enc     = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			var (
				re, pivot *Release
				err       error
			)
			if len(g.G0) == 0 || len(g.G1) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			if pivot, err = parseRelease(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			for _, line := range g.G1 {
				if re, err = parseRelease(Cut(line, 2)); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				result := Verify(pivot, re)
				switch result.Status {
				case StatusExact, StatusStrong:
					if result.Reason == ReasonDOI {
						continue
					}
					// XXX: what should be the provenance?
					br := generateBiblioRef(re, pivot, result, "fuzzy")
					if err := enc.Encode(br); err != nil {
						return err
					}
				default:
				}
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	zipper := zipkey.New(releases, refs, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyVerifyRefsOpenLibraryTable takes OL editions (as release) and refs (as
// release) and emits a match table for manual inspection. This is mainly for
// debugging.
func ZippyVerifyRefsOpenLibraryTable(olr, refs io.Reader, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			var (
				re, pivot *Release
				err       error
			)
			if len(g.G0) == 0 || len(g.G1) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			// We take a single edition from OL.
			if pivot, err = parseRelease(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			for _, line := range g.G1 {
				if re, err = parseRelease(Cut(line, 2)); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				// The refs have a container name, but not a title, but here we
				// compare against titles from open library.
				re.Title = re.ContainerName
				result := Verify(pivot, re)
				fmt.Printf("%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
					result.Status.Short(),
					result.Reason.Short(),
					pivot.Extra.OpenLibrary.WorkID,
					FindByPrefix(pivot.Extra.OpenLibrary.SourceRecords, "ia:"),
					re.Ident,
					CutSep(g.G0[0], "\t", 1),
					pivot.Title,
					re.Title)
			}
			return nil
		}
	)
	zipper := zipkey.New(olr, refs, keyer, grouper)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyVerifyRefsOpenLibrary takes OL editions (as release) and refs (as
// release) and writes biblioref.
func ZippyVerifyRefsOpenLibrary(olr, refs io.Reader, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		enc     = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			// TODO: For openlibrary and wayback matches, pass through either
			// unstructured ref string, or CSL JSON
			var (
				ref, pivot *Release // ref (reference), pivot (open library)
				err        error
			)
			if len(g.G0) == 0 || len(g.G1) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			// We take a single edition from OL.
			if pivot, err = parseRelease(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			for _, line := range g.G1 {
				if ref, err = parseRelease(Cut(line, 2)); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				// The refs have a container name, but not a title, but here we
				// compare against titles from open library.
				ref.Title = ref.ContainerName
				result := Verify(pivot, ref)
				switch result.Status {
				case StatusExact, StatusStrong:
					openLibraryWorkID := cleanOpenLibraryIdentifier(pivot.WorkID)
					if openLibraryWorkID == "" {
						continue
					}
					var bref BiblioRef
					bref.SourceReleaseIdent = ref.Ident
					bref.SourceWorkIdent = ref.WorkID
					bref.SourceReleaseStage = ref.ReleaseStage
					bref.SourceYear = fmt.Sprintf("%d", ref.ReleaseYear())
					bref.RefIndex = ref.Extra.Skate.Ref.Index
					bref.RefKey = ref.Extra.Skate.Ref.Key
					bref.TargetOpenLibraryWork = openLibraryWorkID
					bref.MatchProvenance = ref.Extra.Skate.Ref.Source
					bref.MatchStatus = result.Status.Short()
					bref.MatchReason = result.Reason.Short()
					bref.TargetUnstructured = ReleaseToUnstructured(pivot)
					if err := enc.Encode(bref); err != nil {
						return err
					}
				default:
				}
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	zipper := zipkey.New(olr, refs, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyWayback takes a (url, ref) reader and a (url, cdx) reader and will
// write a bref document for each match.
func ZippyWayback(refs, cdx io.Reader, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		ts      = timeNow().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
		enc     = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			var (
				ref *Ref
				cdx *cdxSummary
				err error
				h   = sha1.New()
			)
			// We take a single item from refs.
			if ref, err = parseRef(Cut(g.G0[0], 2)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if cdx, err = parseCdxSummary(Cut(g.G1[0], 2)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			var bref BiblioRef
			// TODO: this is a temporary way to generate an id.
			_, _ = h.Write([]byte(cdx.Line))
			hashedURL := fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil))
			bref.Key = fmt.Sprintf("web_%s_%s", ref.ReleaseIdent, hashedURL)
			bref.IndexedTs = ts
			bref.SourceReleaseIdent = ref.ReleaseIdent
			bref.SourceWorkIdent = ref.WorkIdent
			bref.SourceReleaseStage = ref.ReleaseStage
			// TODO: track down the 0 year docs.
			if ref.ReleaseYear > 1800 {
				bref.SourceYear = fmt.Sprintf("%d", ref.ReleaseYear)
			}
			bref.RefIndex = ref.Index
			bref.RefKey = ref.Key
			if cdx.NumRows == 0 {
				bref.TargetURL = cdx.Line
			} else {
				if cdx.Summary.Ok == "" {
					bref.TargetURL = cdx.Line
				} else {
					// TODO: This would be better, if we only add a wayback
					// link, if live web fails. For that we would need a full
					// check of the URLs on the live web.
					bref.TargetURL = fmt.Sprintf("https://web.archive.org/web/%s/%s",
						cdx.Summary.Ok, cdx.Line)
				}
			}
			bref.MatchProvenance = ref.RefSource
			bref.MatchStatus = StatusExact.Short()
			bref.MatchReason = ReasonURLMatch.Short()
			if err := enc.Encode(bref); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	zipper := zipkey.New(refs, cdx, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// ZippyBrefAugment takes all matched docs from bref and adds docs from raw
// refs, which have not been matched. It also gets rid of duplicate matches.
// Note: This operates on two streams: raw refs with about 2.5B (07/2021) and
// matches, which will be about 1B; in essence we have to iterate through about
// 3.5B records; small tweaks here may be worthwhile.
//
// We can identify, which docs have been matched by checking the source ident,
// ref index and key.
//
// TODO: This needs to be completed and made fast.
func ZippyBrefAugment(bref, raw io.Reader, w io.Writer) error {
	var (
		stats   = statsAugment{}
		enc     = json.NewEncoder(xio.NewSyncWriter(w))
		keyer   = makeKeyFunc("\t", 1)
		grouper = func(g *zipkey.Group) error {
			// g.G0 contains matched docs for a given work id, g.G1 all raw
			// refs, with the same work id.

			// First, iterate over all matches and sort out duplicates, e.g.
			// docs that have the same source and target id.
			log.Printf("group K=%s, G0=%d (bref), G1=%d (ref)", g.Key, len(g.G0), len(g.G1))
			matched, err := uniqueMatches(CutBatch(g.G0, 2), &stats)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			var refs = make([]*Ref, len(g.G1))
			for i := 0; i < len(refs); i++ {
				var (
					data []byte = []byte(Cut(g.G1[i], 2))
					ref  Ref
				)
				if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &ref); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				refs[i] = &ref
			}
			// TODO: this slows down this process; be a bit smarter about slices.
			matched = matchedRefsExtend(matched, refs, &stats)
			// At this point, we may have duplicates by "_id", e.g. source
			// release ident and ref index (example:
			// 4kg2dejsgzaf3cszs2lt5hz4by_9, which appears three times, one
			// exact match, and twice unmatched).
			matched = deduplicateBrefs(matched)
			matched = removeSelfLinks(matched)
			for _, bref := range matched {
				stats.total++
				if err := enc.Encode(bref); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
			return nil
		}
		batcher = zipkey.NewBatcher(grouper)
	)
	defer batcher.Close()
	defer func() {
		log.Println(stats)
	}()
	zipper := zipkey.New(bref, raw, keyer, batcher.GroupFunc)
	return zipper.Run()
}

// removeSelfLinks removes self-referential links. TODO: Those should be caught
// at the root cause.
func removeSelfLinks(brefs []*BiblioRef) (result []*BiblioRef) {
	var i int
	for _, bref := range brefs {
		if bref.SourceReleaseIdent == bref.TargetReleaseIdent {
			continue
		}
		brefs[i] = bref
		i++
	}
	brefs = brefs[:i]
	return brefs
}

// deduplicateBrefs deduplicates by the document id (for elasticsearch), which
// may help filter out some duplicates but not all.
func deduplicateBrefs(brefs []*BiblioRef) []*BiblioRef {
	// Sort by match status, exact first, unmatched last.
	sort.Slice(brefs, func(i, j int) bool {
		switch {
		case brefs[i].MatchStatus == StatusExact.Short():
			return true
		case brefs[i].MatchStatus == StatusStrong.Short():
			return true
		case brefs[i].MatchStatus == StatusWeak.Short():
			return false
		case brefs[i].MatchStatus == StatusAmbiguous.Short():
			return false
		case brefs[i].MatchStatus != StatusUnmatched.Short():
			return true
		default:
			return false
		}
	})
	var (
		seen = set.New()
		i    int
	)
	for _, v := range brefs {
		// XXX: Is this enough, do we get rid of too many things here?
		if seen.Contains(v.Key) {
			log.Printf("key: %s", v.Key)
			continue
		}
		brefs[i] = v
		i++
		seen.Add(v.Key)
	}
	brefs = brefs[:i]
	return brefs
}

// matchedRefsExtend takes a set of (unique) biblioref docs and will emit that
// set of biblioref docs (unchanged) plus raw references as biblioref, which
// did not result in a match (determined by e.g. ref key and index).  XXX: We
// may have duplicate refs as well - how to distinguish them?
func matchedRefsExtend(matched []*BiblioRef, refs []*Ref, stats *statsAugment) []*BiblioRef {
	var (
		seen = set.New() // store "key + index" of matched items
		ts   = timeNow().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
	)
	for _, m := range matched {
		s := m.RefKey + fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.RefIndex)
		seen.Add(s)
	}
	for _, r := range refs {
		s := r.Key + fmt.Sprintf("%d", r.Index)
		if seen.Contains(s) {
			stats.skipMatchedRef++
			log.Printf("skip-matched-ref [%d]: from %d matches; ident=%v, title=%s, key=%v, index=%d",
				stats.skipMatchedRef, len(matched), r.ReleaseIdent, r.Biblio.Title, r.Key, r.Index)
			continue
		}
		// Assemble bref from unmatched ref.
		var bref BiblioRef
		bref.IndexedTs = ts
		bref.Key = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%d", r.ReleaseIdent, r.Index)
		bref.RefIndex = r.Index
		bref.RefKey = r.Key
		bref.SourceReleaseIdent = r.ReleaseIdent
		bref.SourceReleaseStage = r.ReleaseStage
		bref.SourceWorkIdent = r.WorkIdent
		bref.SourceYear = fmt.Sprintf("%d", r.ReleaseYear)
		if r.Biblio.Unstructured != "" {
			bref.TargetUnstructured = r.Biblio.Unstructured
		} else {
			// Unmatched and no unstructured field: generate CSL.
			var (
				authors []CSLAuthor
				isbn    string
				issued  *CSLDate
			)
			for _, rawName := range r.Biblio.ContribRawNames {
				authors = append(authors, CSLAuthor{RawName: rawName})
			}
			if len(r.Biblio.Extra.ISBN) > 0 {
				isbn = r.Biblio.Extra.ISBN[0]
			}
			// TODO: need to update this "max year" number frequently?
			if r.Biblio.Year > minDate && r.Biblio.Year <= maxDate {
				issued = &CSLDate{Parts: [][]int{{int(r.Biblio.Year)}}}
			} else {
				issued = &CSLDate{}
			}
			bref.TargetCSL = &CSL{
				Author:         authors,
				ContainerTitle: r.Biblio.ContainerName,
				DOI:            r.Biblio.DOI,
				ISBN:           isbn,
				Issue:          r.Biblio.Issue,
				PMCID:          r.Biblio.PMCID,
				PMID:           r.Biblio.PMID,
				Page:           r.Biblio.Pages,
				Publisher:      r.Biblio.Publisher,
				Title:          r.Biblio.Title,
				URL:            r.Biblio.Url,
				Volume:         r.Biblio.Volume,
				Issued:         issued,
			}
		}
		// Reuse fields for debugging, for now.
		bref.MatchProvenance = r.RefSource
		bref.MatchStatus = StatusUnmatched.Short()
		bref.MatchReason = ReasonUnknown.Short()
		matched = append(matched, &bref)
	}
	return matched
}

// uniqueMatches takes a list of bref docs (as string) and will return a
// list of deserialized bref docs, containing unique matches only (e.g. filter
// out duplicate matches, e.g. from exact and fuzzy). We are including
// "skate-bref-id" post-processing here as well (but there is surely a better
// place for that).
func uniqueMatches(docs []string, stats *statsAugment) (result []*BiblioRef, err error) {
	var (
		brefs []*BiblioRef
		ts    = timeNow().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
	)
	for _, doc := range docs {
		var bref BiblioRef
		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(doc), &bref); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		// On-the-fly add elasticsearch "_id" and indexed timestamp, if not already set.
		if bref.Key == "" && bref.SourceReleaseIdent != "" {
			bref.Key = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%d", bref.SourceReleaseIdent, bref.RefIndex)
			bref.IndexedTs = ts
		}
		brefs = append(brefs, &bref)
	}
	// Make sure exact matches come first. XXX: bug?
	sort.Slice(brefs, func(i, j int) bool {
		return brefs[i].MatchStatus == StatusExact.Short()
	})
	seen := set.New()
	for _, doc := range brefs {
		h := doc.LinkHash()
		if seen.Contains(h) {
			stats.skipDuplicatedBref++
			log.Printf("skip-dup-bref [%d]: hash=%v source=%v status=%v reason=%v",
				stats.skipDuplicatedBref, h, doc.SourceReleaseIdent, doc.MatchStatus, doc.MatchReason)
			continue
		}
		seen.Add(h)
		result = append(result, doc)
	}
	return result, nil
}

type statsAugment struct {
	skipDuplicatedBref int64
	skipMatchedRef     int64
	total              int64
}

func (s statsAugment) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("total=%d, skipMatchedRef=%d, skipDuplicatedBref=%d",
		s.total, s.skipMatchedRef, s.skipDuplicatedBref)
}

// CutBatch runs Cut over a list of lines.
func CutBatch(lines []string, column int) (result []string) {
	for _, line := range lines {
		result = append(result, Cut(line, column))
	}
	return result
}

// Cut returns a specific column (1-indexed) from a line, returns empty string
// if column is invalid.
func Cut(line string, column int) string {
	return CutSep(line, "\t", column)
}

// CutSep allows to specify a separator, column is 1-indexed.
func CutSep(line, sep string, column int) string {
	// XXX: This will cut the tab separator, if there is no other value.
	parts := strings.Split(line, sep)
	if len(parts) < column {
		return ""
	} else {
		if len(parts) == column {
			return strings.TrimSuffix(parts[column-1], "\n")
		}
		return parts[column-1]
	}
}

// FindByPrefix return the first element for a slice of strings, which matches a prefix.
func FindByPrefix(ss []string, prefix string) string {
	for _, s := range ss {
		if strings.HasPrefix(s, prefix) {
			return s
		}
	}
	return ""
}

// makeKeyFunc creates a function that can be used as keyFunc, selecting a
// column from fields separated by sep; column is 1-indexed.
func makeKeyFunc(sep string, column int) func(string) (string, error) {
	return func(s string) (string, error) {
		if k := CutSep(s, sep, column); k != "" {
			return k, nil
		}
		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot get key from column %d in line (len=%d): %s", column, len(s), s)
	}
}

func parseRelease(s string) (r *Release, err error) {
	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &r)
	return
}

func parseRef(s string) (r *Ref, err error) {
	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &r)
	return
}

func parseWiki(s string) (r *MinimalCitations, err error) {
	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &r)
	return
}

func parseBiblioRef(s string) (r *BiblioRef, err error) {
	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &r)
	return
}

func parseCdxSummary(s string) (r *cdxSummary, err error) {
	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &r)
	return
}

// cleanOpenLibraryIdentifier turns OL ids like /books/OL31189321M into OL31189321M.
func cleanOpenLibraryIdentifier(s string) string {
	// XXX: This can be made faster; iterate from the end of the string
	// and use a slice.
	if s = strings.TrimSpace(s); len(s) == 0 {
		return ""
	}
	var (
		parts = strings.Split(s, "/")
		last  = parts[len(parts)-1]
	)
	if strings.HasPrefix(last, "OL") {
		return last
	}
	log.Printf("warning: unexpected OL id: %s", s)
	return ""
}