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-============

-SCUBA Diving

-============

----------------------------------------------

-Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

----------------------------------------------

-

-SCUBA stands for "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus".

-One of the primary organization regulating recreational SCUBA diving is 

-PADI (the Professional Association of Diving Instructors). 

-

-Equipment

----------

-

-:BCD:   The buoyancy control device is basically an inflatable live vest 

-        that you can inflate using the regulator (or by mouth) to control

-        your buoyancy. Your buoyancy changes as you use up air (tank gets

-        lighter for same volume displaced), inhale/exhale, swim in water

-        of different temperature or salinity, or change depth: increased

-        pressure compresses any flexible air pockets, including the BCD

-        itself, neoprene foam, or a dry-suit.

-        Most BCDs have their own pressure hoses coming from the first stage

-        regulator that supply air.

-        Sometimes there is only one vent valve, which has to be at the

-        highest orientation or air will not vent out of the bladders.

-:Tank:  Most tanks are made of steel or aluminum and can store compressed

-        air of up to 3000psi. They are stored at pressure to prevent moisture

-        from leaking in. There is a valve built into the tank itself that

-        usually gets taken apart and repaired every two years. Tanks

-        can last for decades even with heavy use; they are pressure tested

-        for fatigue and leaks.

-:Regulator: The first-stage regulator is connected to the tank and steps

-            the pressure down to about 250psi above the surrounding/ambient

-            pressure. Hoses carry air at this mid-level pressure to the second

-            stage regulator/mouthpiece, which steps the pressure down to

-            about what is in your lungs. Depending on the regulator they can

-            be stiff (you have to suck a bit to get air, but then it rushes

-            in with force) or very natural feeling (air comes very smoothly

-            on inhalation and doesn't press into your lungs).

-:Alternate: These days almost everybody carries a second regulator mouthpiece

-            for emergencies. These are always on and ready to breath from,

-            but usually stiffer so they don't free-flow as often.

-:Dive Computer:

-        A dive computer monitors time and depth to give you an accurate picture

-        of how much excess nitrogen is in a diver's bloodstream. By 

-        continuously integrating they usually "give more time at depth" than

-        hand calculations using tables (which err towards safety).

-:Dry Suit:  A dry suit is a sealed and air tight, keeping the diver's skin dry.

-            Extra insulation is needed to give warmth underneath. Some dry

-            suits are made of compressed neoprene.

-            A dry suit has to be constantly adjusted with tank air just like

-            the BCD to maintain inflation and buoyancy.

-:Wet Suit:  Wet suits work on the principle of holding water against the skin:

-            a diver's body warms this water and stays cozy as long as water

-            flow is restricted enough. Even little bit too much flow through

-            wrist or ankle openings can be very cold.

-        

-

-Depths

-------

-A PADI Open Water Diving course gives a recommended limit of 20m/60ft.

-A "deep dive adventure course" gives a recommended limit of 30m/100ft,

-and additional experience gives a limit of 40m/130ft.

-

-With careful decompression stops and enriched compressed air (higher oxygen

-content) it's possible to reach depths of hundreds of meters. Sometimes

-commercial divers will dive for many hours using surface supplied air,

-then live at the surface in a compression chamber overnight between dives

-to stay at the same pressure [*]_.

-

-History

--------

-I'm pretty sure `Jacques Cousteau`_ invented the aqualung, which is the basis

-for modern diving, but I'll have to check.

-

-.. _Jacques Cousteau: /k/jacquescousteau/

-

-Flying

-------

-After a regular no-decompression dive, wait at least 12 

-hours before flying (or going to high altitude, eg over 300m).

-

-.. [*] Need a citation, heard this word of mouth