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| author | tma <tma@edf5b092-35ff-0310-97b2-ce42778d08ea> | 2005-10-04 15:18:22 +0000 |
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| committer | tma <tma@edf5b092-35ff-0310-97b2-ce42778d08ea> | 2005-10-04 15:18:22 +0000 |
| commit | 1c7864f6d4380797b07c7149111066b61f69f689 (patch) | |
| tree | 59057c26f97fdf846b0193e852eeea7e707a9e20 /lcc/doc/4.html | |
| parent | 91db83f0cc7c564ff6c853eeb4e790732dae81cd (diff) | |
| download | ioquake3-aero-1c7864f6d4380797b07c7149111066b61f69f689.tar.gz ioquake3-aero-1c7864f6d4380797b07c7149111066b61f69f689.zip | |
* Moved lcc and q3asm into code/tools
git-svn-id: svn://svn.icculus.org/quake3/trunk@134 edf5b092-35ff-0310-97b2-ce42778d08ea
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| -rw-r--r-- | lcc/doc/4.html | 754 |
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diff --git a/lcc/doc/4.html b/lcc/doc/4.html deleted file mode 100644 index a2e1213..0000000 --- a/lcc/doc/4.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,754 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> -<html> - -<head> -<link HREF="mailto:drh@microsoft.com" REV="made" TITLE="David R. Hanson"> -<title>The lcc 4.1 Code-Generation Interface</title> -</head> - -<body> - -<h1>The lcc 4.1 Code-Generation Interface</h1> - -<p ALIGN="LEFT"><strong><a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~cwfraser/">Christopher -W. Fraser</a> and <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~drh/">David R. Hanson</a>, <a -HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/">Microsoft Research</a></strong></p> - -<h2>Contents</h2> - -<dir> - <li><a HREF="#intro">Introduction</a> </li> - <li><a HREF="#metrics">5.1 Type Metrics</a></li> - <li><a HREF="#symbols">5.3 Symbols</a> </li> - <li><a HREF="#operators">5.5 Dag Operators</a></li> - <li><a HREF="#flags">5.6 Interface Flags</a></li> - <li><a HREF="#definitions">5.8 Definitions</a></li> - <li><a HREF="#constants">5.9 Constants</a></li> - <li><a HREF="#upcalls">5.12 Upcalls</a></li> -</dir> - -<h2><a NAME="intro">Introduction</a></h2> - -<p>Version 4.1 is the latest release of <a -HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/software/lcc/">lcc</a>, the ANSI C compiler described in -our book <cite>A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation</cite> -(Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-8053-1670-1). This document summarizes the differences -between the 4.1 code-generation interface and the 3.x interface described in Chap. 5 of <cite>A -Retargetable C Compiler</cite>.</p> - -<p>Previous versions of lcc supported only three sizes of integers, two sizes of floats, -and insisted that pointers fit in unsigned integers (see Sec. 5.1 of <cite>A Retargetable -C Compiler</cite>). These assumptions simplified the compiler, and were suitable for -32-bit architectures. But on 64-bit architectures, such as the DEC ALPHA, it's natural to -have four sizes of integers and perhaps three sizes of floats, and on 16-bit -architectures, 32-bit pointers don't fit in unsigned integers. Also, the 3.x constaints -limited the use of lcc's back ends for other languages, such as Java.</p> - -<p>Version 4.x removes all of these restrictions: It supports any number of sizes for -integers and floats, and the size of pointers need not be related to the size of any of -the integer types. The major changes in the code-generation interface are: - -<ul> - <li>The number of type suffixes has been reduced to 6.</li> - <li>Dag operators are composed of a generic operator, a type suffix, and a size.</li> - <li>Unsigned variants of several operators have been added.</li> - <li>Several interface functions have new signatures.</li> -</ul> - -<p>In addition, version 4.x is written in ANSI C and uses the standard I/O library and -other standard C functions.</p> - -<p>The sections below parallel the subsections of Chap. 5 of <cite>A Retargetable C -Compiler</cite> and summarize the differences between the 3.x and 4.x code-generation -interface. Unaffected subsections are omitted. Page citations refer to pages in <cite>A -Retargetable C Compiler</cite>.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="metrics">5.1 Type Metrics</a></h2> - -<p>There are now 10 metrics in an interface record:</p> - -<pre>Metrics charmetric; -Metrics shortmetric; -Metrics intmetric; -Metrics longmetric; -Metrics longlongmetric; -Metrics floatmetric; -Metrics doublemetric; -Metrics longdoublemetric; -Metrics ptrmetric; -Metrics structmetric;</pre> - -<p>Each of these specifies the size and alignment of the corresponding type. <code>ptrmetric</code> -describes all pointers.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="symbols">5.3 Symbols</a></h2> - -<p>The actual value of a constant is stored in the <code>u.c.v</code> field of a symbol, -which holds a <code>Value</code>:</p> - -<pre>typedef union value { - long i; - unsigned long u; - long double d; - void *p; - void (*g)(void); -} Value;</pre> - -<p>The value is stored in the appropriate field according to its type, which is given by -the symbol's <code>type</code> field.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="operators">5.5 Dag Operators</a></h2> - -<p>The <code>op</code> field a of <code>node</code> structure holds a dag operator, which -consists of a generic operator, a type suffix, and a size indicator. The type suffixes -are:</p> - -<pre>enum { - F=FLOAT, - I=INT, - U=UNSIGNED, - P=POINTER, - V=VOID, - B=STRUCT -}; - -#define sizeop(n) ((n)<<10)</pre> - -<p>Given a generic operator <code>o</code>, a type suffix <code>t</code>, and a size <code>s</code>, -a type- and size-specific operator is formed by <code>o+t+sizeop(s)</code>. For example, <code>ADD+F+sizeop(4)</code> -forms the operator <code>ADDF4</code>, which denotes the sum of two 4-byte floats. -Similarly, <code>ADD+F+sizeop(8)</code> forms <code>ADDF8</code>, which denotes 8-byte -floating addition. In the 3.x code-generation interface, <code>ADDF</code> and <code>ADDD</code> -denoted these operations. There was no size indicator in the 3.x operators because the -type suffix supplied both a type and a size.</p> - -<p>Table 5.1 lists each generic operator, its valid type suffixes, and the number of <code>kids</code> -and <code>syms</code> that it uses; multiple values for <code>kids</code> indicate -type-specific variants. The notations in the <strong>syms</strong> column give the number -of <code>syms</code> values and a one-letter code that suggests their uses: 1V indicates -that <code>syms[0]</code> points to a symbol for a variable, 1C indicates that <code>syms[0]</code> -is a constant, and 1L indicates that <code>syms[0]</code> is a label. For 1S, <code>syms[0]</code> -is a constant whose value is a size in bytes; 2S adds <code>syms[1]</code>, which is a -constant whose value is an alignment. For most operators, the type suffix and size -indicator denote the type and size of operation to perform and the type and size of the -result.</p> - -<table WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0"> - <tr> - <td COLSPAN="6" ALIGN="CENTER"><strong>Table 5.1<img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" - ALT="|" WIDTH="18" HEIGHT="1">Node Operators.</strong></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><strong>syms</strong></td> - <td><strong>kids</strong></td> - <td><strong>Operator</strong></td> - <td><strong>Type Suffixes</strong></td> - <td><strong>Sizes</strong></td> - <td><strong>Operation</strong></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1V</td> - <td>0</td> - <td><code>ADDRF</code></td> - <td><code>...P..</code></td> - <td>p</td> - <td>address of a parameter</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1V</td> - <td>0</td> - <td><code>ADDRG</code></td> - <td><code>...P..</code></td> - <td>p</td> - <td>address of a global</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1V</td> - <td>0</td> - <td><code>ADDRL</code></td> - <td><code>...P..</code></td> - <td>p</td> - <td>address of a local</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1C</td> - <td>0</td> - <td><code>CNST</code></td> - <td><code>FIUP..</code></td> - <td>fdx csilh p</td> - <td>constant</td> - </tr> - <tr ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="1" HEIGHT="12"></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>BCOM</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>bitwise complement</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1S</td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>CVF</code></td> - <td><code>FI....</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh</td> - <td>convert from float</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1S</td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>CVI</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx csilh csilhp</td> - <td>convert from signed integer</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1S</td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>CVP</code></td> - <td><code>..U..</code></td> - <td>p</td> - <td>convert from pointer</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1S</td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>CVU</code></td> - <td><code>.IUP..</code></td> - <td>csilh p</td> - <td>convert from unsigned integer</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>INDIR</code></td> - <td><code>FIUP.B</code></td> - <td>fdx csilh p</td> - <td>fetch</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>NEG</code></td> - <td><code>FI....</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh</td> - <td>negation</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="1" HEIGHT="12"></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>ADD</code></td> - <td><code>FIUP..</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp p</td> - <td>addition</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>BAND</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>bitwise AND</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>BOR</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>bitwise inclusive OR</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>BXOR</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>bitwise exclusive OR</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>DIV</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh</td> - <td>division</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>LSH</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>left shift</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>MOD</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>modulus</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>MUL</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh</td> - <td>multiplication</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>RSH</code></td> - <td><code>.IU...</code></td> - <td>ilh</td> - <td>right shift</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>SUB</code></td> - <td><code>FIUP..</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp p</td> - <td>subtraction</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="1" HEIGHT="12"></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2S</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>ASGN</code></td> - <td><code>FIUP.B</code></td> - <td>fdx csilh p</td> - <td>assignment</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>EQ</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp</td> - <td>jump if equal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>GE</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp</td> - <td>jump if greater than or equal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>GT</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp</td> - <td>jump if greater than</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>LE</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp</td> - <td>jump if less than or equal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>LT</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp</td> - <td>jump if less than</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>2</td> - <td><code>NE</code></td> - <td><code>FIU...</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh ilhp</td> - <td>jump if not equal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2S</td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>ARG</code></td> - <td><code>FIUP.B</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh p</td> - <td>argument</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1</td> - <td>1 or 2</td> - <td><code>CALL</code></td> - <td><code>FIUPVB</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh p</td> - <td>function call</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>RET</code></td> - <td><code>FIUPV.</code></td> - <td>fdx ilh p</td> - <td>return from function</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="1" HEIGHT="12"></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>1</td> - <td><code>JUMP</code></td> - <td><code>....V.</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>unconditional jump</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1L</td> - <td>0</td> - <td><code>LABEL</code></td> - <td><code>....V.</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>label definition</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The entries in the <strong>Sizes</strong> column indicate sizes of the operators that -back ends must implement. Letters denote the size of float (f), double (d), long double -(x), character (c), short integer (s), integer (i), long integer (l), "long -long" integer (h) , and pointer (p). These sizes are separated into sets for each -type suffix, except that a single set is used for both I and U when the set for I is -identical to the set for U.</p> - -<p>The actual values for the size indicators, fdxcsilhp, depend on the target. A -specification like <code>ADDF</code>f denotes the operator <code>ADD+F+sizeop(</code>f<code>)</code>, -where "f" is replaced by a target-dependent value, e.g., <code>ADDF4</code> and <code>ADDF8</code>. -For example, back ends must implement the following <code>CVI</code> and <code>MUL</code> -operators.</p> - -<blockquote> - <p><code>CVIF</code>f <code>CVIF</code>d <code>CVIF</code>x<br> - <code>CVII</code>c <code>CVII</code>s <code>CVII</code>i <code>CVII</code>l <code>CVII</code>h<br> - <code>CVIU</code>c <code>CVIU</code>s <code>CVIU</code>i <code>CVIU</code>l <code>CVIU</code>h - <code>CVIU</code>p<br> - <br> - <code>MULF</code>f <code>MULF</code>d <code>MULF</code>x<br> - <code>MULI</code>i <code>MULI</code>l <code>MULI</code>h<br> - <code>MULU</code>i <code>MULU</code>l <code>MULU</code>h</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>On most platforms, there are fewer than three sizes of floats and six sizes of -integers, and pointers are usually the same size as one of the integers. And lcc doesn't -support the "long long" type, so h is not currently used. So the set of -platform-specific operators is usually smaller than the list above suggests. For example, -the X86, SPARC, and MIPS back ends implement the following <code>CVI</code> and <code>MUL</code> -operators.</p> - -<blockquote> - <p><code>CVIF</code>4 <code>CVIF</code>8<br> - <code>CVII</code>1 <code>CVII</code>2 <code>CVII</code>4<br> - <code>CVIU</code>1 <code>CVIU</code>2 <code>CVIU</code>4 <br> - <br> - <code>MULF</code>4 <code>MULF</code>8<br> - <code>MULI</code>4<br> - <code>MULU</code>4</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>The set of operators is thus target-dependent; for example, <code>ADDI8</code> appears -only if the target supports an 8-byte integer type. <a -HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/packages/lcc/contrib/ops.c"><code>ops.c</code></a> is -a program that, given a set of sizes, prints the required operators and their values, -e.g.,</p> - -<blockquote> - <pre>% <em>ops c=1 s=2 i=4 l=4 h=4 f=4 d=8 x=8 p=4</em> -... - CVIF4=4225 CVIF8=8321 - CVII1=1157 CVII2=2181 CVII4=4229 - CVIU1=1158 CVIU2=2182 CVIU4=4230 -... - MULF4=4561 MULF8=8657 - MULI4=4565 - MULU4=4566 -... -131 operators</pre> -</blockquote> - -<p>The type suffix for a conversion operator denotes the type of the result and the size -indicator gives the size of the result. For example, <code>CVUI4</code> converts an -unsigned (<code>U</code>) to a 4-byte signed integer (<code>I4</code>). The <code>syms[0]</code> -field points to a symbol-table entry for a integer constant that gives the size of the -source operand. For example, if <code>syms[0]</code> in a <code>CVUI4</code> points to a -symbol-table entry for 2, the conversion widens a 2-byte unsigned integer to a 4-byte -signed integer. Conversions that widen unsigned integers zero-extend; those that widen -signed integers sign-extend.</p> - -<p>The front end composes conversions between types <em>T</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>T</em><sub>2</sub> -by widening <em>T</em><sub>1</sub> to it's "supertype", if necessary, converting -that result to <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>'s supertype, then narrowing the result to <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>, -if necessary. The following table lists the supertypes; omitted entries are their own -supertypes.</p> - -<blockquote> - <table BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0"> - <tr> - <td><strong>Type</strong></td> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="1"></td> - <td><strong>Supertype</strong></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>signed char</td> - <td></td> - <td>int</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>signed short</td> - <td></td> - <td>int</td> - </tr> - <tr ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"> - <td>unsigned char</td> - <td></td> - <td>int, if sizeof (char) < sizeof (int)<br> - unsigned, otherwise</td> - </tr> - <tr ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"> - <td>unsigned short</td> - <td></td> - <td>int, if sizeof (short) < sizeof (int)<br> - unsigned, otherwise</td> - </tr> - <tr ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"> - <td>void *</td> - <td></td> - <td>an unsigned type as large as a pointer</td> - </tr> - </table> -</blockquote> - -<p>Pointers are converted to an unsigned type of the same size, even when that type is not -one of the integer types.</p> - -<p>For example, the front end converts a signed short to a float by first converting it to -an int and then to a float. It converts an unsigned short to an int with a single <code>CVUI</code>i -conversion, when shorts are smaller than ints.</p> - -<p>There are now signed and unsigned variants of <code>ASGN</code>, <code>INDIR</code>, <code>BCOM</code>, -<code>BOR</code>, <code>BXOR</code>, <code>BAND</code>, <code>ARG</code>, <code>CALL</code>, -and <code>RET</code> to simplify code generation on platforms that use different -instructions or register set for signed and unsigned operations. Likewise there are now -pointer variants of <code>ASGN</code>, <code>INDIR</code>, <code>ARG</code>, <code>CALL</code>, -and <code>RET</code>.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="flags">5.6 Interface Flags</a></h2> - -<pre>unsigned unsigned_char:1;</pre> - -<p>tells the front end whether plain characters are signed or unsigned. If it's zero, char -is a signed type; otherwise, char is an unsigned type.</p> - -<p>All the interface flags can be set by command-line options, e.g., <code>-Wf-unsigned_char=1</code> -causes plain characters to be unsigned.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="definitions">5.8 Definitions</a></h2> - -<p>The front end announces local variables by calling</p> - -<pre>void (*local)(Symbol);</pre> - -<p>It announces temporaries likewise; these have the symbol's <code>temporary</code> flag -set, which indicates that the symbol will be used only in the next call to <code>gen</code>. -If a temporary's <code>u.t.cse</code> field is nonnull, it points to the node that -computes the value assigned to the temporary; see page 346.</p> - -<p>The front end calls</p> - -<pre>void (*address)(Symbol p, Symbol q, long n);</pre> - -<p>to initialize <code>q</code> to a symbol that represents an address of the form <em>x</em>+<code>n</code>, -where <em>x</em> is the address represented by <code>p</code> and the long integer <code>n</code> -is positive or negative.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="constants">5.9 Constants</a></h2> - -<p>The interface function</p> - -<pre>void (*defconst)(int suffix, int size, Value v);</pre> - -<p>initializes constants. defconst emits directives to define a cell and initialize it to -a constant value. v is the constant value, suffix identifies the type of the value, and -size is the size of the value in bytes. The value of suffix indicates which field of v -holds the value, as shown in the following table.</p> - -<blockquote> - <table BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1"> - <tr> - <td><strong>suffix</strong></td> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="1"></td> - <td><strong>v Field</strong></td> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="1"></td> - <td><strong>size</strong></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>F</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>v.d</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>float, double, long double</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>I</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>v.i</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>signed char, signed short, signed int, signed long</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>U</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>v.u</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>P</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>v.p</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>void *</td> - </tr> - </table> -</blockquote> - -<p><code>defconst</code> must narrow <code>v.</code>x when <code>size</code> is less than <code>sizeof</code> -<code>v.</code>x; e.g., to emit an unsigned char, <code>defconst</code> should emit <code>(unsigned -char)v.i</code>.</p> - -<h2><a NAME="upcalls">5.12 Upcalls</a></h2> - -<p>lcc 4.x uses standard I/O and its I/O functions have been changed accordingly. lcc -reads input from the standard input, emits code to the standard output, and writes -diagnostics to the standard error output. It uses <code>freopen</code> to redirect these -streams to explicit files, when necessary.</p> - -<p><code>bp</code>, <code>outflush</code>, and <code>outs</code> have been eliminated.</p> - -<pre>extern void fprint(FILE *f, const char *fmt, ...); -extern void print(const char *fmt, ...);</pre> - -<p>print formatted data to file <code>f</code> (<code>fprint</code>) or the standard -output (<code>print</code>). These functions are like standard C's <code>printf</code> and -<code>fprintf</code>, but support only some of the standard conversion specifiers and do -not support flags, precision, and field-width specifications. They support the following -new conversion specifiers in addition to those described on page 99.</p> - -<blockquote> - <table BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0"> - <tr> - <td><strong>Specifiers</strong></td> - <td><img SRC="/~drh/resources/dot_clear.gif" ALT="|" WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="1"></td> - <td><strong>Corresponding printf Specifiers</strong></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>%c</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>%c</code></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>%d %D</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>%d %ld</code></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>%u %U</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>%u %lu</code></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>%x %X</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>%x %lx</code></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><code>%f %e %g</code></td> - <td></td> - <td><code>%e %f %g</code></td> - </tr> - <tr ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"> - <td><code>%p</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>Converts the corresponding void * argument to unsigned long and prints it with the <code>printf</code> - <code>%#x</code> specifier or just <code>%x</code> when the argument is null.</td> - </tr> - <tr ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"> - <td><code>%I</code></td> - <td></td> - <td>Prints the number of spaces given by the corresponding argument.</td> - </tr> - </table> -</blockquote> - -<pre>#define generic(op) ((op)&0x3F0) -#define specific(op) ((op)&0x3FF)</pre> - -<p><code>generic(op)</code> returns the generic variant of <code>op</code>; that is, -without its type suffix and size indicator. <code>specific(op)</code> returns the -type-specific variant of <code>op</code>; that is, without its size indicator.</p> - -<p><code>newconst</code> has been replaced by</p> - -<pre>extern Symbol intconst(int n);</pre> - -<p>which installs the integer constant <code>n</code> in the symbol table, if necessary, -and returns a pointer to the symbol-table entry.</p> - -<hr> - -<address> - <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~cwfraser/">Chris Fraser</a> / <a - HREF="mailto:cwfraser@microsoft.com">cwfraser@microsoft.com</a><br> - <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~drh/">David Hanson</a> / <a - HREF="mailto:drh@microsoft.com">drh@microsoft.com</a><br> - $Revision: 145 $ $Date: 2001-10-17 16:53:10 -0500 (Wed, 17 Oct 2001) $ -</address> -</body> -</html> |