templates for paper and presentation

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+#LyX 1.4.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 245
+\begin_document
+\begin_header
+\textclass article
+\language english
+\inputencoding auto
+\fontscheme default
+\graphics default
+\paperfontsize default
+\spacing single
+\papersize default
+\use_geometry true
+\use_amsmath 1
+\cite_engine basic
+\use_bibtopic false
+\paperorientation portrait
+\rightmargin 3.5cm
+\secnumdepth -1
+\tocdepth 3
+\paragraph_separation indent
+\defskip medskip
+\quotes_language english
+\papercolumns 1
+\papersides 1
+\paperpagestyle default
+\tracking_changes false
+\output_changes false
+\end_header
+
+\begin_body
+
+\begin_layout Title
+Generic Operator Discovery
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Date
+\begin_inset Formula $\today$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Author
+Laura Harris and Bryan Newbold for 6.945
+\newline
+{lch,bnewbold}@mit.edu
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Abstract
+We present a hardware design to convert captured images to an audio stream.
+ There are a wealth of real time 
+\emph on
+software
+\emph default
+ implementations of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), but we use a Field
+ Programable Gate Array 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Overview
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Real-Time Audio Composition system allows for the conversion of visually
+ encoded information into audio.
+ A typical visual encoding program, such as Baudline, takes audio input
+ and produces a scrolling visualization of the fast-Fourier transform (FFT).
+ Our system could take one of these visualizations and produce ch serve
+ as the visual spectrograph to interpreted and played back through headphones
+ or speakers.
+ A PS/2 mouse allows for control of the GUI system.
+ Using the mouse, the user can interact with the buttons, the image itself,
+ and a number of other features.
+ An image of the GUI is shown in Figure 
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:gui_photo}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset Float figure
+wide false
+sideways false
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+	filename gui_photo.jpg
+	display none
+	width 5in
+	keepAspectRatio
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Caption
+A photograph of the GUI implemented in the Real Time Audio Composition system.
+ Each area of the screen will be explained in detail.
+\emph on
+
+\newline
+(Source: Team Member)
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:gui_photo}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The GUI allows for a number of functions.
+ An edit function, regrettably never fully implemented due to time constraints,
+ would allow for the direct editing of captured images by manually selecting
+ an eight bit binary lved with the time domain audio data to produce the
+ audio signal.
+ The AC97 audio chip in the FPGA runs at a clock speed of 48kHz so the audio
+ samples must also be up-sampled to produce the final signal.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+t vector with at least 1024 bins is required.
+ Aliever, a full wrapper module was necessary to load samples in and out
+ of the module, enable and disable processing, ensure sample index synchronizati
+on, etc.
+ The ifft_wrapper module ensures that only the 12-bit real components are
+ written and that both the 8-bit phase and 12-bit complex components are
+ tied to 0 at input and ignored at output.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Float table
+placement h
+wide false
+sideways false
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series bold
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Setting
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series bold
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Value
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Generator Version
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+ Fast Fourier Transform 3.2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Input Length
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+2048 samples
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Processing Mode
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Pipelined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Sample bitwidth
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+12-bit signed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Output ordering
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Natural
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Clock enable pin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Enabled
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Processing Stages
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+3 using BRAM
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Caption
+IFFT Auto-generation Settings
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:ifft_settings}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+onversion is implemented by using each time-domain sample twice, then low
+ pass filtering the output to remove the high frequency artifacts introduced.
+ This low pass filter also conveniently filters out any noise or aliasing
+ occurring in the frequencies above the 720 or so lowest frequencies actually
+ specified by image data.
+ Note that the up-sampling process also effectively halves the frequency
+ corresponding to each bin in our frequency-domain spectral vectors, giving
+ better frequency resolution in the lower, more human discernible regime.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The low pass filter is implemented almost exactly like in Lab 3, using 31
+ tap filters generated in matlab using the command:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+round(fir1(30,.5)*(2^13))
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Each tap is 14-bits signed, thus the scaling by 
+\begin_inset Formula $2^{13}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The parameter 
+\begin_inset Formula $W_{n}=0.5$
+\end_inset
+
+ specifies a cutoff frequency 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+entire packet length is filled (128 values in our case), the IFFT is computed.
+ Natural order refers to the ordering of bits on the output.
+ Reverse ordering of bits is the natural mode of the IFFT, and since timing
+ is not a huge concern at this stage, producing natural order bits is worth
+ the time.
+ The different stages of the IFFT input and output are controlled by an
+ FSM as shown in Figure
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Unless just reset, at which the FSM is immediately clock enabled and put
+ in the setup state so the time domain taps can be initialized, the FSM
+ naturally idles in the wait state.
+ With the edge detection of a button press release within the bode plot,
+ the FSM enters the setup state since it can be assumed that a value within
+ the bode plot has changed.
+ As soon as the ready for data flag is set high, the FSM enters the write
+ state.
+ The values from the bode array are fed into the IFFT, lagging behind three
+ cycles as designated by the datasheet.
+ After all data has been entered, the FSM enters the read state.
+ The resulting tap indices and values are completely synchronous at this
+ point and can be fed directly into the tap manager which will hold the
+ resultant values.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Memory Management
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Address
+
+\emph on
+Author: Dimitri Turbiner
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The memory control module uses four interface modules to communicate with
+ the Camera, GUI, and IFFT subsystems and two interface modules to control
+ the physical SRAM chips on the LabKit.
+ The camera_to_zbt interface module, keeps track of the sync signals coming
+ from the Camera subsystem in order to compute the memory destination address.
+ Incomming pixels are buffered and packed together into groups of four.
+ When such a group of four is ready, the memory controller is signalled
+ by camera_we.
+ The input signals are all synchronized to the clock in the Camera subsystem
+ -- 27mHz, while the output signals have to be synchronized at the memory
+ clock -- 65mHz.
+ Thus, the camera_to_zbt module has to perform clock resynchronization between
+ the two subsystems it connects.
+ The zbt_to_display, zbt_to_ifft, edit_to_zbt, modules all compute the memory
+ destination address based on the requested pixel horizontal and vertical
+ index (hcount and vcount), and when signalled by the memory controller
+ that data is valid, pack or unpack four 8bit pixels to/from the 36 bit
+ data bus.
+ 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The memory controller controls the two zbt ram access modules depending
+ on which memory IO operations have been requested by the subsystems.
+ The controller supports latching the various subsystem's data and address
+ busses in order to guarantee minimum hold delays and to resolve simultaneous
+ memory access requests.
+ The latches control logic is built around a memory access priority hierarchy:
+ 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quotation
+
+\family typewriter
+assign main_addr = camera_capture_request ? camera_addr :
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quotation
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+(display_read_request ? display_addr :
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quotation
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+(ifft_read_request ? ifft_addr :
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quotation
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+(edit_write_request ? edit_addr :0))); 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+problem was also noticed after this implementation.
+ When the pixel itself was updated by multiplying the stored bode value
+ by the incoming pixel data, a great deal of scattering across the boundaries
+ of the image was noticed.
+ By pipelining the data within the clocked region, this problem was removed
+ and smooth fading occurred.
+ (Note: the unimplemented edit mode code uses only slightly different math
+ than the bode plot draw function, and should theoretically work, but was
+ never tested).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Audio Pipeline
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A number of external tools were crucial for the development and debugging
+ of the audio processing pipeline.
+ An entire separate labkit module with a parameterized dummy sample generator
+ replacing the camera and memory management and no GUI output.
+ This allowed for debugging with consistent, simple, noise free spectral
+ input.
+ This labkit module was also wired to make full use of the hex display (to
+ show bode tap index and both horizontal and vertical memory indexes) and
+ the logic analyzer connections (all 4 16-bit connectors were used!).
+ For instance, Figure shows the IFFT module output of a simple sine wave;
+ the clock-like ticks of channels above and below the sine waveform show
+ the request and ready signals of the various other stages of the audio
+ pipeline.
+ Note that this section of the spectral waveform shows the all zero padding
+ from the windowing module; the single non-zero sample_value is off screen
+ to the left, and the dummy ram module request/ready pins are not toggled.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A few other buttons and switches came in useful for debugging: Switch #7
+ disables the regular audio output 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Conclusion
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Address
+
+\emph on
+Author: Tyler Hutchison
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The implementation of a real time audio composition system has been described.
+ Using the GUI interface, coupled with complex memory interactions, and
+ robust audio output, one can use visual information to encode 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+\start_of_appendix
+Appendix: Code Listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+ghelper.scm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+//
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+// 6.111 FPGA Labkit -- Template Toplevel Module
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+//
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+// Author: Nathan Ickes
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+//
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+// Edited: Nov 4, 2008, FTW
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+discovery.scm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+//Dima Turbiner
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+module zbt_to_ifft(input clk, reset, input [9:0]hcount, input [8:0]vcount,
+ 
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+                                                input [35:0]data_main, input
+ [35:0]data_overlay,
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+                                                output reg [7:0]main_pixel,
+ output reg [7:0]overlay_pixel, output [18:0]addr);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+   //**** CHECK THIS ADDRESSING
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+   assign        addr = {2'b0, vcount, hcount[9:2]};
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+   
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+   wire [1:0]    hc4 = hcount[1:0];
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_body
+\end_document