Merge branch 'ellen-none-refactor' into 'master'

Ellen none refactor

See merge request webgroup/sandcrawler!23

11 files changed, 179 insertions, 154 deletions

diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/BibjsonScorable.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/BibjsonScorable.scala
index 0d26d75..abf9220 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/BibjsonScorable.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/BibjsonScorable.scala
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class BibjsonScorable extends Scorable {
     TextLine(args("bibjson-input"))
   }
 
-  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[MapFeatures] = {
+  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[Option[MapFeatures]] = {
     getSource(args).read
       .toTypedPipe[String](new Fields("line"))
       .map { BibjsonScorable.bibjsonToMapFeatures(_) }
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ class BibjsonScorable extends Scorable {
 }
 
 object BibjsonScorable {
-  def bibjsonToMapFeatures(json : String) : MapFeatures = {
+  def bibjsonToMapFeatures(json : String) : Option[MapFeatures] = {
     Scorable.jsonToMap(json) match {
-      case None => MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
+      case None => None
       case Some(map) => {
         if (map contains "title") {
           val title = Scorable.getString(map, "title")
@@ -33,13 +33,16 @@ object BibjsonScorable {
           val sha1 = Scorable.getString(map, "sha")
           // TODO: year, authors (if available)
           if (title == null || title.isEmpty) {
-            new MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
+            None
           } else {
             val sf : ScorableFeatures = ScorableFeatures.create(title=title, doi=doi, sha1=sha1)
-            new MapFeatures(sf.toSlug, sf.toString)
+            sf.toSlug match {
+              case None => None
+              case Some(slug) => Some(MapFeatures(slug, sf.toString))
+            }
           }
         } else {
-          new MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
+          None
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorable.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorable.scala
index f51c210..bb6413f 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorable.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorable.scala
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CrossrefScorable extends Scorable with HBasePipeConversions {
     TextLine(args("crossref-input"))
   }
 
-  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[MapFeatures] = {
+  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[Option[MapFeatures]] = {
     getSource(args).read
       .toTypedPipe[String](new Fields("line"))
       .filter { CrossrefScorable.keepRecord(_) }
@@ -55,37 +55,45 @@ object CrossrefScorable {
 
   // Returns None if title is null, empty, or too long.
   def mapToTitle(map : Map[String, Any]) : Option[String] = {
-    if (map contains "title") {
-      val titles = map("title").asInstanceOf[List[String]]
-      if (titles.isEmpty || titles == null) {
-        None
+    def getTitle : Option[String] = {
+      if (map contains "title") {
+        val titles = map("title").asInstanceOf[List[String]]
+        if (titles.isEmpty || titles == null) None else Some(titles(0))
       } else {
-        val baseTitle: String = titles(0)
-        // TODO(bnewbold): this code block is horrible
-        val baseSubtitle: String = if (map contains "subtitle") {
-          val subtitles = map("subtitle").asInstanceOf[List[String]]
-          if (!subtitles.isEmpty && subtitles != null) {
-            val sub = subtitles(0)
-            if (sub != null && !sub.isEmpty && baseTitle != null) {
-              sub
-            } else {
-              ""
-            }
+        None
+      }
+    }
+
+    def getSubtitle : Option[String] = {
+      if (map contains "subtitle") {
+        val subtitles = map("subtitle").asInstanceOf[List[String]]
+        if (subtitles.isEmpty || subtitles == null) {
+          None
+        } else {
+          val sub = subtitles(0)
+          if (sub == null || sub.isEmpty) {
+            None
           } else {
-            ""
+            Some(sub)
           }
-        } else {
-          ""
         }
-        val title = if (baseSubtitle.isEmpty) {
-          baseTitle
+      } else {
+        None
+      }
+    }
+
+    getTitle match {
+      case None => None
+      case Some(baseTitle) => {
+        if (baseTitle == null) {
+          None
         } else {
-          baseTitle.concat(": ".concat(baseSubtitle))
+          getSubtitle match {
+            case None => Some(baseTitle)
+            case Some(baseSubtitle) => Some(baseTitle.concat(":".concat(baseSubtitle)))
+          }
         }
-        if (title == null || title.isEmpty || title.length > Scorable.MaxTitleLength) None else Some(title)
       }
-    } else {
-      None
     }
   }
 
@@ -106,34 +114,39 @@ object CrossrefScorable {
       case None => None
       case Some(created) => {
         Some(created.asInstanceOf[Map[String,Any]]
-                    .get("date-parts")
-                    .get
-                    .asInstanceOf[List[Any]](0)
-                    .asInstanceOf[List[Any]](0)
-                    .asInstanceOf[Double]
-                    .toInt)
+          .get("date-parts")
+          .get
+          .asInstanceOf[List[Any]](0)
+          .asInstanceOf[List[Any]](0)
+          .asInstanceOf[Double]
+          .toInt)
       }
     }
   }
 
-  def jsonToMapFeatures(json : String) : MapFeatures = {
+  def jsonToMapFeatures(json : String) : Option[MapFeatures] = {
+    def makeMapFeatures(title : String, doi : String, authors : List[String], year : Int, contentType : String) : Option[MapFeatures] = {
+      if (doi.isEmpty || doi == null || authors.length == 0 || !(ContentTypeWhitelist contains contentType)) {
+        None
+      } else {
+        val sf : ScorableFeatures = ScorableFeatures.create(title=title, authors=authors, doi=doi.toLowerCase(), year=year)
+        sf.toSlug match {
+          case None => None
+          case Some(slug) => Some(MapFeatures(slug, sf.toString))
+        }
+      }
+    }
     Scorable.jsonToMap(json) match {
-      case None => MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
+      case None => None
       case Some(map) =>
         mapToTitle(map) match {
-          case None => MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
-          case Some(title) => {
-            val doi = Scorable.getString(map, "DOI")
-            val authors: List[String] = mapToAuthorList(map)
-            val year: Int = mapToYear(map).getOrElse(0)
-            val contentType: String = map.get("type").map(e => e.asInstanceOf[String]).getOrElse("MISSING-CONTENT-TYPE")
-            if (doi.isEmpty || doi == null || authors.length == 0 || !(ContentTypeWhitelist contains contentType)) {
-              MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
-            } else {
-              val sf : ScorableFeatures = ScorableFeatures.create(title=title, authors=authors, doi=doi.toLowerCase(), year=year)
-              MapFeatures(sf.toSlug, sf.toString)
-            }
-          }
+          case None => None
+          case Some(title) => makeMapFeatures(
+            title=title,
+            doi=Scorable.getString(map, "DOI"),
+            authors=mapToAuthorList(map),
+            year=mapToYear(map).getOrElse(0),
+            contentType=map.get("type").map(e => e.asInstanceOf[String]).getOrElse("MISSING-CONTENT-TYPE"))
         }
     }
   }
diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorable.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorable.scala
index 899ce66..f4ed129 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorable.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorable.scala
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class GrobidScorable extends Scorable with HBasePipeConversions {
     GrobidScorable.getHBaseSource(args("hbase-table"), args("zookeeper-hosts"))
   }
 
-  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[MapFeatures] = {
+  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[Option[MapFeatures]] = {
     getSource(args)
       .read
       // Can't just "fromBytesWritable" because we have multiple types
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ object GrobidScorable {
     HBaseBuilder.build(table, host, List("grobid0:metadata", "grobid0:status_code"), SourceMode.SCAN_ALL)
   }
 
-  def jsonToMapFeatures(key : String, json : String) : MapFeatures = {
+  def jsonToMapFeatures(key : String, json : String) : Option[MapFeatures] = {
     Scorable.jsonToMap(json) match {
-      case None => MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
+      case None => None
       case Some(map) => {
         if (map contains "title") {
           val authors: List[String] = mapToAuthorList(map)
           val title = Scorable.getString(map, "title")
           ScorableFeatures.create(title=title, authors=authors, sha1=key).toMapFeatures
         } else {
-          MapFeatures(Scorable.NoSlug, json)
+          None
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableDumpJob.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableDumpJob.scala
index 19b257f..3146a6c 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableDumpJob.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableDumpJob.scala
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ class GrobidScorableDumpJob(args: Args) extends JobBase(args) {
       parsedGrobidRows.inc
       GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(entry._1, entry._2)
     }
-    .filter { entry => Scorable.isValidSlug(entry.slug) }
-    .map { entry =>
+    .filterNot { entry => entry.isEmpty }
+    .map { entry => {
       validGrobidRows.inc
-      entry
-    }
+      entry.get
+    }}
     .groupBy { case MapFeatures(slug, json) => slug }
     .map { tuple =>
       val (slug : String, features : MapFeatures) = tuple
diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/MatchBenchmarkJob.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/MatchBenchmarkJob.scala
index 1578258..292de75 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/MatchBenchmarkJob.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/MatchBenchmarkJob.scala
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ class MatchBenchmarkJob(args: Args) extends JobBase(args) {
   val pipe1 : TypedPipe[(String, ReduceFeatures)] = sc1.getInputPipe(leftArgs)
   val pipe2 : TypedPipe[(String, ReduceFeatures)] = sc2.getInputPipe(rightArgs)
 
-  pipe1.join(pipe2).map { entry =>
+  pipe1.join(pipe2)
+  .map { entry =>
     val (slug : String, (features1 : ReduceFeatures, features2 : ReduceFeatures)) = entry
     new ReduceOutput(
       slug,
diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/Scorable.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/Scorable.scala
index f7eb95d..5d67044 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/Scorable.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/Scorable.scala
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ case class ReduceFeatures(json : String)
 case class ReduceOutput(val slug : String,  score : Int, json1 : String, json2 : String)
 
 abstract class Scorable {
-  def getInputPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[(String, ReduceFeatures)] =
-  {
-    getFeaturesPipe(args)
-      .filter { entry => Scorable.isValidSlug(entry.slug) }
+  def getInputPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[(String, ReduceFeatures)] = {
+    val validFeatures : TypedPipe[MapFeatures] = getFeaturesPipe(args)
+      .filterNot { entry => entry.isEmpty }
+      .map { entry => entry.get }
+
+    validFeatures
       .groupBy { case MapFeatures(slug, json) => slug }
       .map { tuple =>
         val (slug : String, features : MapFeatures) = tuple
@@ -26,16 +28,11 @@ abstract class Scorable {
 
   // abstract methods
   def getSource(args : Args) : Source
-  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[MapFeatures]
+  def getFeaturesPipe(args : Args)(implicit mode : Mode, flowDef : FlowDef) : TypedPipe[Option[MapFeatures]]
 }
 
 object Scorable {
   val MaxTitleLength = 1023
-  val NoSlug = "NO SLUG" // Used for slug if title is empty or unparseable
-
-  def isValidSlug(slug : String) : Boolean = {
-    slug != NoSlug
-  }
 
   def jsonToMap(json : String) : Option[Map[String, Any]] = {
     // https://stackoverflow.com/a/32717262/631051
diff --git a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeatures.scala b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeatures.scala
index 241db79..be2b495 100644
--- a/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeatures.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/main/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeatures.scala
@@ -35,20 +35,27 @@ class ScorableFeatures private(title : String, authors : List[Any] = List(), yea
     JSONObject(toMap).toString
   }
 
-  def toSlug() : String = {
+  def toSlug() : Option[String] = {
     if (title == null) {
-      Scorable.NoSlug
+      None
     } else {
       val unaccented = StringUtilities.removeAccents(title)
       // Remove punctuation
       val slug = StringUtilities.removePunctuation((unaccented.toLowerCase())).replaceAll("\\s", "")
       if (slug.isEmpty
-          || slug == null
-          || (ScorableFeatures.SlugBlacklist contains slug)
-          || (slug.length < ScorableFeatures.MinSlugLength)) Scorable.NoSlug else slug
+        || slug == null
+        || (ScorableFeatures.SlugBlacklist contains slug)
+        || (slug.length < ScorableFeatures.MinSlugLength)) {
+        None
+      } else {
+        Some(slug)
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  def toMapFeatures : MapFeatures =
-    MapFeatures(toSlug, toString)
+  def toMapFeatures : Option[MapFeatures] =
+    toSlug match {
+      case None => None
+      case Some(slug) => Some(MapFeatures(slug, toString))
+    }
 }
diff --git a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorableTest.scala b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorableTest.scala
index c0d1cb0..8302b8f 100644
--- a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorableTest.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/CrossrefScorableTest.scala
@@ -79,59 +79,64 @@ class CrossrefScorableTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
 
   // Unit tests
   "CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures()" should "handle invalid JSON" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(MalformedCrossrefString)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(MalformedCrossrefString) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle missing title" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithoutTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithoutTitle) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle null title" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithNullTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithNullTitle) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle empty title" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithEmptyTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithEmptyTitle) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle subtitle" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
-      """{"title": ["short but not too short"], "subtitle": ["just right!"], "DOI": "10.123/asdf", "type":"journal-article", "author":[{ "given" : "W", "family" : "Gaier"}]}""")
-    result.slug shouldBe "shortbutnottooshortjustright"
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
+      """{"title": ["short but not too short"], "subtitle": ["just right!"], "DOI": "10.123/asdf", "type":"journal-article","author":[{ "given" : "W", "family" : "Gaier"}]}""") match {
+      case None => fail()
+      case Some(result) => result.slug shouldBe "shortbutnottooshortjustright"
+    }
   }
 
   it should "handle empty subtitle" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
-      """{"title": ["short but not too short"], "subtitle": [""], "DOI": "10.123/asdf", "type":"journal-article", "author":[{ "given" : "W", "family" : "Gaier"}]}""")
-    result.slug shouldBe "shortbutnottooshort"
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
+      """{"title": ["short but not too short"], "subtitle": [""], "DOI": "10.123/asdf", "type":"journal-article", "author":[{ "given" : "W", "family" : "Gaier"}]}""") match {
+      case None => fail()
+      case Some(result) => result.slug shouldBe "shortbutnottooshort"
+    }
   }
 
   it should "handle null subtitle" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
-      """{"title": ["short but not too short"], "subtitle": [null], "DOI": "10.123/asdf", "type":"journal-article", "author":[{ "given" : "W", "family" : "Gaier"}]}""")
-    result.slug shouldBe "shortbutnottooshort"
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
+      """{"title": ["short but not too short"], "subtitle": [null], "DOI": "10.123/asdf", "type":"journal-article", "author":[{ "given" : "W", "family" : "Gaier"}]}""") match {
+      case None => fail()
+      case Some(result) => result.slug shouldBe "shortbutnottooshort"
+    }
   }
 
   it should "handle missing authors" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithNoAuthors)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithNoAuthors) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle valid input" in {
-    val result = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithGoodTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe "sometitle"
-    Scorable.jsonToMap(result.json) match {
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWithGoodTitle) match {
       case None => fail()
-      case Some(map) => {
-        map("title").asInstanceOf[String] shouldBe "Some Title"
-        map("doi").asInstanceOf[String] shouldBe "10.123/abc"
-        // TODO: full name? not just a string?
-        map("authors").asInstanceOf[List[String]] shouldBe List("Gaier")
-        map("year").asInstanceOf[Double].toInt shouldBe 2002
+      case Some(result) => {
+        result.slug shouldBe "sometitle"
+        Scorable.jsonToMap(result.json) match {
+          case None => fail()
+          case Some(map) => {
+            map("title").asInstanceOf[String] shouldBe "Some Title"
+            map("doi").asInstanceOf[String] shouldBe "10.123/abc"
+            // TODO: full name? not just a string?
+            map("authors").asInstanceOf[List[String]] shouldBe List("Gaier")
+            map("year").asInstanceOf[Double].toInt shouldBe 2002
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -161,9 +166,7 @@ class CrossrefScorableTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
   }
 
   it should "handle content types" in {
-    val resultWrong = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWrongType)
-    resultWrong.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
-    val resultMissing = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringNoType)
-    resultMissing.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringWrongType) should be (None)
+    CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStringNoType) should be (None)
   }
 }
diff --git a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableTest.scala b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableTest.scala
index 119cf90..b395a64 100644
--- a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableTest.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/GrobidScorableTest.scala
@@ -68,29 +68,30 @@ class GrobidScorableTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
   // Unit tests
 
   "GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures()" should "handle invalid JSON" in {
-    val result = GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, MalformedGrobidString)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, MalformedGrobidString) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle null title" in {
-    val result = GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, GrobidStringWithNullTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, GrobidStringWithNullTitle) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle missing title" in {
-    val result = GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, GrobidStringWithoutTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, GrobidStringWithoutTitle) should be (None)
   }
 
   it should "handle valid input" in {
-    val result = GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, GrobidStringWithGoodTitle)
-    result.slug shouldBe "dummyexamplefile"
-    Scorable.jsonToMap(result.json) match {
+    GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(Key, GrobidStringWithGoodTitle) match {
       case None => fail()
-      case Some(map) => {
-        map should contain key "title"
-        map("title").asInstanceOf[String] shouldBe "Dummy Example File"
-        map("authors").asInstanceOf[List[String]] shouldBe List("Brewster Kahle", "J Doe")
+      case Some(result) => {
+        result.slug shouldBe "dummyexamplefile"
+        Scorable.jsonToMap(result.json) match {
+          case None => fail()
+          case Some(map) => {
+            map should contain key "title"
+            map("title").asInstanceOf[String] shouldBe "Dummy Example File"
+            map("authors").asInstanceOf[List[String]] shouldBe List("Brewster Kahle", "J Doe")
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeaturesTest.scala b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeaturesTest.scala
index 450c169..112a5e5 100644
--- a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeaturesTest.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScorableFeaturesTest.scala
@@ -8,60 +8,57 @@ import org.scalatest._
 
 // scalastyle:off null
 class ScorableFeaturesTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
-
-  private def titleToSlug(s : String) : String = {
-    ScorableFeatures.create(title = s).toSlug
-  }
-
   "toMapFeatures()" should "work with gnarly inputs" in {
     ScorableFeatures.create(title = null).toMapFeatures
     ScorableFeatures.create(title = "something", doi = null, sha1 = null, year = 123).toMapFeatures
   }
 
+  private def titleToSlug(s : String) : Option[String] = ScorableFeatures.create(title = s).toSlug
+
   "mapToSlug()" should "extract the parts of titles before a colon" in {
-    titleToSlug("HELLO:there") shouldBe "hellothere"
+    titleToSlug("HELLO:there") shouldBe Some("hellothere")
   }
 
   it should "extract an entire colon-less string" in {
-    titleToSlug("hello THERE") shouldBe "hellothere"
+    titleToSlug("hello THERE") shouldBe Some("hellothere")
   }
 
   it should "return Scorable.NoSlug if given empty string" in {
-    titleToSlug("") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    titleToSlug("") shouldBe (None)
   }
 
   it should "return Scorable.NoSlug if given null" in {
-    titleToSlug(null) shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    titleToSlug(null) shouldBe (None)
   }
 
   it should "strip punctuation" in {
-    titleToSlug("HELLO!:the:re") shouldBe "hellothere"
-    titleToSlug("a:b:cdefgh") shouldBe "abcdefgh"
+    titleToSlug("HELLO!:the:re") shouldBe Some("hellothere")
+    titleToSlug("a:b:cdefgh") shouldBe Some("abcdefgh")
     titleToSlug(
-      "If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands!") shouldBe "ifyourehappyandyouknowitclapyourhands"
-    titleToSlug(":;\"\'") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+      "If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands!") shouldBe Some("ifyourehappyandyouknowitclapyourhands")
+    titleToSlug(":;\"\'") shouldBe (None)
   }
 
   it should "filter stub titles" in {
-    titleToSlug("abstract") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
-    titleToSlug("title!") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
-    titleToSlug("a real title which is not on blacklist") shouldBe "arealtitlewhichisnotonblacklist"
+    titleToSlug("abstract") shouldBe (None)
+    titleToSlug("title!") shouldBe (None)
+    titleToSlug("a real title which is not on blacklist") shouldBe Some("arealtitlewhichisnotonblacklist")
   }
 
   it should "strip special characters" in {
-    titleToSlug(":;!',|\"\'`.#?!-@*/\\=+~%$^{}()[]<>-_’·“”‘’“”«»「」¿–±§ʿ") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
-    // TODO: titleToSlug("©™₨№…") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
-    // TODO: titleToSlug("πµΣσ") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    titleToSlug(":;!',|\"\'`.#?!-@*/\\=+~%$^{}()[]<>-_’·“”‘’“”«»「」¿–±§ʿ") shouldBe (None)
+    // TODO: titleToSlug("©™₨№…") shouldBe (None)
+    // TODO: titleToSlug("πµΣσ") shouldBe (None)
   }
 
   it should "remove whitespace" in {
-    titleToSlug("foo bar : baz ::") shouldBe "foobarbaz"
-    titleToSlug("\na\t:b:cdefghi") shouldBe "abcdefghi"
-    titleToSlug("\n \t \r  ") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
+    titleToSlug("foo bar : baz ::") shouldBe Some("foobarbaz")
+    titleToSlug("\na\t:b:cdefghi") shouldBe Some("abcdefghi")
+    titleToSlug("\n \t \r  ") shouldBe (None)
   }
 
   it should "skip very short slugs" in {
-    titleToSlug("short") shouldBe Scorable.NoSlug
-    titleToSlug("a longer, more in depth title") shouldBe "alongermoreindepthtitle"
+    titleToSlug("short") shouldBe (None)
+    titleToSlug("a longer, more in depth title") shouldBe Some("alongermoreindepthtitle")
   }
 }
diff --git a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScoreJobTest.scala b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScoreJobTest.scala
index 32fb16c..fbc0ee5 100644
--- a/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScoreJobTest.scala
+++ b/scalding/src/test/scala/sandcrawler/ScoreJobTest.scala
@@ -222,15 +222,18 @@ class ScoreJobTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
       }
 
       def bundle(slug : String, grobidIndex : Int, crossrefIndex : Int) : (String, Int, String, String) = {
-        val mf1 : MapFeatures = GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
+        val mfg : Option[MapFeatures] = GrobidScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
           Sha1Strings(grobidIndex),
           JsonStrings(grobidIndex))
-        val mf2 : MapFeatures = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(
-          CrossrefStrings(crossrefIndex))
-        val score = Scorable.computeSimilarity(
-          ReduceFeatures(mf1.json),
-          ReduceFeatures(mf2.json))
-        (slug, score, mf1.json, mf2.json)
+        val mfc : Option[MapFeatures] = CrossrefScorable.jsonToMapFeatures(CrossrefStrings(crossrefIndex))
+        if (mfg.isEmpty || mfc.isEmpty) {
+          fail()
+        } else {
+          val score = Scorable.computeSimilarity(
+            ReduceFeatures(mfg.get.json),
+            ReduceFeatures(mfc.get.json))
+          (slug, score, mfg.get.json, mfc.get.json)
+        }
       }
 
       it should "have right output values" in {