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| author | Bryan Newbold <bnewbold@archive.org> | 2020-01-08 18:24:48 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Bryan Newbold <bnewbold@archive.org> | 2020-01-09 16:30:02 -0800 |
| commit | 7eb8f74bc15d1acb5771320ec4e2342d85077555 (patch) | |
| tree | 88f21d3c3bc881761e7961d36e3ae3b896a1a982 /python/tests/files | |
| parent | a6f2067e288fc235375af4fed12c5782a82856dc (diff) | |
| download | sandcrawler-7eb8f74bc15d1acb5771320ec4e2342d85077555.tar.gz sandcrawler-7eb8f74bc15d1acb5771320ec4e2342d85077555.zip | |
basic elife+plos extraction tests
Ripped out some HTML, but these could have been minimized even further
to keep repository from growing large.
Diffstat (limited to 'python/tests/files')
| -rw-r--r-- | python/tests/files/elife_article.html | 3094 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | python/tests/files/plos_one_article.html | 1707 |
2 files changed, 4801 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/python/tests/files/elife_article.html b/python/tests/files/elife_article.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7aa1361 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/tests/files/elife_article.html @@ -0,0 +1,3094 @@ +<!doctype html> + +<html lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> + +<head> + + <meta charset="utf-8"> + + <title>Parallel visual circuitry in a basal chordate | eLife</title> + + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no"> + + <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> + + + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.4aeffd56.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.91474092.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.95fa9e7b.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.a4c54393.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.a8199d6e.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.efde6c5c.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.457f5c5e.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.5aea1932.png"> + <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.21337439.png"> + <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/assets/favicons/favicon.ee498e7d.svg"> + <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/assets/favicons/favicon-32x32.825ee0ea.png"> + <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="/assets/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.365fe68b.png"> + <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/assets/favicons/favicon-16x16.337f389b.png"> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/assets/favicons/favicon.a755add0.ico"> + <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/favicons/manifest.cff74b51.json"> + <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> + <meta name="application-name" content="eLife"> + + + + + + + <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"> + <meta name="dc.language" content="en"> + <meta name="dc.publisher" content="eLife Sciences Publications Limited"> + + <meta name="dc.title" content="Parallel visual circuitry in a basal chordate"> + + <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.7554/eLife.44753"> + + <meta name="dc.date" content="2019-04-18"> + + <meta name="dc.rights" content="© 2019 Kourakis et al.. 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class="content-header__author_list_item"> + <span class="content-header__author"><a href="/articles/44753#xf3e51472" data-behaviour="Popup" class="content-header__author_link">Cezar Borba</a><span class="content-header__author_suffix"><span class="content-header__author_separator" aria-hidden="true">,</span> + </span></span> + </li> + <li class="content-header__author_list_item"> + <span class="content-header__author"><a href="/articles/44753#xb536f34f" data-behaviour="Popup" class="content-header__author_link">Angela Zhang</a><span class="content-header__author_suffix"><span class="content-header__author_separator" aria-hidden="true">,</span> + </span></span> + </li> + <li class="content-header__author_list_item"> + <span class="content-header__author"><a href="/articles/44753#x1d85dfc3" data-behaviour="Popup" class="content-header__author_link">Erin Newman-Smith</a><span class="content-header__author_suffix"><span class="content-header__author_separator" aria-hidden="true">,</span> + </span></span> + </li> + <li class="content-header__author_list_item"> + <span class="content-header__author"><a href="/articles/44753#x6107dd5d" data-behaviour="Popup" class="content-header__author_link">Priscilla Salas</a><span class="content-header__author_suffix"><span class="content-header__author_separator" aria-hidden="true">,</span> + </span></span> + </li> + <li class="content-header__author_list_item"> + <span class="content-header__author"><a href="/articles/44753#x8b937bbf" data-behaviour="Popup" class="content-header__author_link">B Manjunath</a><span class="content-header__author_suffix"><span class="content-header__author_separator" aria-hidden="true">,</span> + </span></span> + </li> + <li class="content-header__author_list_item"> + <span class="content-header__author"><a href="/articles/44753#xa3814a31" data-behaviour="Popup" class="content-header__author_link">William C Smith</a><span class="content-header__author_suffix"> <picture> + <source 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+ + + <span class="date"> <time datetime="2019-04-18">Apr 18, 2019</time></span> + </div> + </div> + + +</header> + + + + + + + <div class="wrapper"> + + <div class="contextual-data"> + + <ul class="contextual-data__list" aria-label="The following contains the number of views, citations and annotations in this article"> + + <li class="contextual-data__item"><a href="/articles/44753#metrics">Cited 0</a></li> + <li class="contextual-data__item"><a href="/articles/44753#metrics">Views 807</a></li> + + <li class="contextual-data__item" data-hypothesis-trigger><span class="contextual-data__item__hypothesis_opener">Annotations</span> <button class="speech-bubble speech-bubble--small " + data-behaviour="SpeechBubble HypothesisOpener" + +aria-live="polite"> + <span class="speech-bubble__inner"><span aria-hidden="true"><span data-visible-annotation-count></span></span><span class="visuallyhidden"> Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is <span data-hypothesis-annotation-count>being calculated</span>.</span></span> +</button> +</li> + + </ul> + + <div class="contextual-data__cite_wrapper"> + <span class="contextual-data__cite"><span class="contextual-data__cite_label">Cite <span class="visuallyhidden"> this article</span> as:</span> eLife 2019;8:e44753</span> + <span class="doi">doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753" class="doi__link">10.7554/eLife.44753</a></span> + </div> + +</div> + + + </div> + + + + <div data-behaviour="DelegateBehaviour" data-delegate-behaviour="Popup" data-selector=".article-section:not(#abstract) a"> + + + <div class="wrapper wrapper--content"> + + <div class="grid"> + + + + <div class="grid__item one-whole x-large--two-twelfths"> + + <div class="view-selector view-selector--has-figures" data-behaviour="ViewSelector" data-side-by-side-link="https://lens.elifesciences.org/44753"> + <ul class="view-selector__list"> + <li class="view-selector__list-item view-selector__list-item--article view-selector__list-item--active"> + <a href="/articles/44753" class="view-selector__link view-selector__link--article"><span>Article</span></a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__list-item view-selector__list-item--figures"> + <a href="/articles/44753/figures" class="view-selector__link view-selector__link--figures"><span>Figures and data</span></a> + </li> + + <li class="view-selector__list-item view-selector__list-item--jump"> + <span class="view-selector__jump_links_header">Jump to</span> + <ul class="view-selector__jump_links"> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#abstract" class="view-selector__jump_link">Abstract</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#s1" class="view-selector__jump_link">Introduction</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#s2" class="view-selector__jump_link">Results</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#s3" class="view-selector__jump_link">Discussion</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#s4" class="view-selector__jump_link">Materials and methods</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#references" class="view-selector__jump_link">References</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#SA1" class="view-selector__jump_link">Decision letter</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#SA2" class="view-selector__jump_link">Author response</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#info" class="view-selector__jump_link">Article and author information</a> + </li> + <li class="view-selector__jump_link_item"> + <a href="#metrics" class="view-selector__jump_link">Metrics</a> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + + </ul> +</div> + + </div> + + + <div class="content-container grid__item one-whole + + large--eight-twelfths x-large--seven-twelfths + grid-column"> + + + + + + <section + class="article-section article-section--first" + id="abstract" + data-behaviour="ArticleSection" + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h2 class="article-section__header_text">Abstract</h2> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + <section + class="article-section " + id="s2" + data-behaviour="ArticleSection" + data-initial-state="closed" +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h2 class="article-section__header_text">Results</h2> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <section + class="article-section " + id="s2-1" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Glutamatergic and GABAergic photoreceptors</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s2-2" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Posterior brain vesicle relay neurons are mixed VGAT- and VACHT-expressing</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Sensory input from the photoreceptors, antenna cells, coronet cells, bipolar tail neurons and a subset of peripheral neurons is directed to a cluster of ~30 RNs in the pBV. These RNs in turn extend axons through the neck to the MG. Among this cluster are the six prRNs and eight pr-AMG RNs (<a href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>; (<a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>)). Previous in situ hybridization studies identified VGAT- and VACHT-expressing neurons in the appropriate place in the BV to be RNs (<a href="#bib56">Yoshida et al., 2004</a>). Moreover, these neurons project axons posteriorly to the MG, a defining characteristic of the pBV RNs. BV neurons expressing other major NTs, including glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin, are neither in the correct brain region to be RNs, nor do they project from the BV to the MG ([<a href="#bib20">Horie et al., 2008b</a>; <a href="#bib31">Moret et al., 2005</a>; <a href="#bib39">Pennati et al., 2007</a>], and our observations). By HCR in situ we observed that the pBV RNs cluster in two distinct groups along the anterior/posterior axis, with the anterior cluster expressing VACHT, and the posterior group expressing VGAT (<a href="#fig3">Figure 3a</a>). We observed an average of 16 (±1.6, n = 9 larvae) VGAT-positive neurons and 11 (±1, n = 8 larvae) VACHT-positive neurons.</p> + <div + id="fig3" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline-- " + data-variant="" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="fig3" + data-asset-viewer-uri="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg" + data-asset-viewer-width="1500" + data-asset-viewer-height="1109" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Figure 3</span> with 1 supplement <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig3" class="asset-viewer-inline__header_link">see all</a> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9paWlmLmVsaWZlc2NpZW5jZXMub3JnL2xheDo0NDc1MyUyRmVsaWZlLTQ0NzUzLWZpZzMtdjIudGlmL2Z1bGwvZnVsbC8wL2RlZmF1bHQuanBn/elife-44753-fig3-v2.jpg?_hash=poB6zI7Tss9wKOFGYwhd40WSG4X9%2B4%2FgYw9ffJwpELo%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg" class="asset-viewer-inline__open_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="visuallyhidden">Open asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg" class="captioned-asset__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> + <picture class="captioned-asset__picture"> + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.webp 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.webp 1x" + type="image/webp" + > + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.jpg 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg 1x" + type="image/jpeg" + > + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig3-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg" + + alt="" + class="captioned-asset__image" + > + </picture> + </a> + + + + + <figcaption class="captioned-asset__caption"> + + <h6 class="caption-text__heading">Neurotransmitter use in the relay neurons.</h6> + + + <div class="caption-text__body"><p class="paragraph">(<b>a</b>) In situ hybridization of VGAT and VACHT to the relay neurons in the brain vesicle. Also visible is the anterior tip of the motor ganglion. Nuclei are shown as spheres. (<b>b</b>) Confusion matrix for relay neuron registration. (<b>c</b>) Confusion matrix for relay neurons grouped by type. (<b>d</b>) Heat map of neurotransmitter predictions from cell registration of relay neurons, with scale showing color by proportion of iterations predicting either VGAT or VACHT. Abbreviations: ant., anterior; post., posterior; dor., dorsal; vent., ventral; MG, motor ganglion; pr-AMG RN, photoreceptor ascending motor ganglion relay neuron; prRN, photoreceptor relay neuron; AntRN, antenna cell relay neuron; PBRN, photoreceptor-bipolar tail neuron relay neuron; PCRN, photoreceptor-coronet relay neuron; PNRN, peripheral relay neuron; VGAT, vesicular GABA transporter; VACHT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.007" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.007</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> +<p class="paragraph">Unlike the ocellus, the pBV RN cluster does not have obvious anatomical features, although the various classes of RNs are clustered, with, for example, the antenna cell RNs (AntRN) being posterior to the photoreceptor RNs (<a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig3s1">Figure 3—figure supplement 1</a>; <a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>). However, given the diversity of RN types in the pBV it is unlikely that the expression domains of VGAT and VACHT precisely correspond to the clusters of RN classes. In order to make predictions of NT use in the RNs we used the same registration approach as with the photoreceptors (n = 7 VGAT/VACHT double in situ datasets, <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig3s1">Figure 3—figure supplement 1</a>). The confusion matrix for the RNs shows a lower level of convergence than for the PR-Is, suggesting that the cellular anatomy of the RN cluster is less structured than the ocellus (<a href="#fig3">Figure 3b</a>; <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig3s1">Figure 3—figure supplement 1</a>). However, the confusion matrix also shows that the RNs are most often confused for other RNs of the same class (white boxes in <a href="#fig3">Figure 3b</a>). This is most evident when the registration is performed not with single cells, but with pooled RNs of each class (<a href="#fig3">Figure 3c</a>), and is presumably a reflection of the clustering of RN classes in the pBV. Thus we can have higher confidence in the NT use by RN class than we can have in individual neuron identities. For example, the connectome shows the AntRNs are clustered at the rear of the BV (<a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig3s1">Figure 3—figure supplement 1</a>; (<a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>)), as are the VGAT expressing neurons (<a href="#fig3">Figure 3a</a>; <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig3s1">Figure 3—figure supplement 1</a>). Accordingly, the registration predicts that eight of the ten AntRNs are VGAT positive (<a href="#fig3">Figure 3c</a>). For the present study, which focuses on the visuomotor pathway, the registration predicts that five of the eight pr-AMG RNs are VGAT expressing, two are VACHT expressing, and one (pr-AMG RN 157) cannot be resolved (no dual VGAT/VACHT expression was observed in the <i>in situs</i>). On the other hand, the registration predicts that the six prRNs are evenly mixed between VGAT and VACHT expression. These predictions provide starting points for experimental validation detailed below.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s2-3" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">The motor ganglion contains a mixture of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">The MG contains five left/right pairs of motor neurons, as well as several classes of interneurons, including six MGINs, seven AMGs, two ddNs, and two posterior MG interneurons (<a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>). Also described in the MG are two left/right pairs of decussating VGAT-positive neurons (<a href="#bib21">Horie et al., 2009</a>; <a href="#bib35">Nishino et al., 2010</a>). These are likely the same decussating MG neurons as described in the connectome, although the names are slightly different (<i>anterior caudal inhibitory neurons</i> (<a href="#bib21">Horie et al., 2009</a>) versus <i>ascending contralateral inhibitory neurons</i> (<a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>), both abbreviated as ACIN). However, the connectome reports only three ACINs, with the anterior ACIN not paired. It was speculated that this was an anomalous feature of the particular larva used for the ssEM. Supporting this, a second larva being analyzed by ssEM for connectomics shows two pairs of ACINs (K. Ryan, personal communication).</p> +<p class="paragraph">Like the ocellus, the MG has a well-defined anterior-to-posterior and dorsal-to-ventral cellular anatomy (<a href="#fig4">Figure 4a and b</a>; <a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>; <a href="#bib45">Ryan et al., 2018</a>). Neurotransmitter use by some MG neurons is already documented, including the motor neurons, which are cholinergic (<a href="#bib53">Takamura et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#bib52">Takamura et al., 2002</a>), and the ACINs which are glycinergic (<a href="#bib35">Nishino et al., 2010</a>). By HCR in situ hybridization we observed VGAT- and VACHT-positive neurons in the MG (<a href="#fig4">Figure 4b</a>), but no VGLUT- or TH-positive cells (data not shown). These results are consistent with previous studies (<a href="#bib20">Horie et al., 2008b</a>; <a href="#bib31">Moret et al., 2005</a>). Likewise it was reported that no serotonergic cells were present in the MG (<a href="#bib39">Pennati et al., 2007</a>). As with the RNs, the VGAT- and VACHT-expressing neurons in the MG are segregated anatomically. We also found a population of 6–7 cells between the AMGs and the MNs (asterisks in <a href="#fig4">Figure 4a</a>), that were not annotated in the connectome as neurons and that failed to label with any of our NT markers. We hypothesize that these are ependymal cells, which are abundant in the nerve cord immediately caudal to this region.</p> + <div + id="fig4" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline-- " + data-variant="" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="fig4" + data-asset-viewer-uri="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg" + data-asset-viewer-width="1274" + data-asset-viewer-height="1500" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Figure 4</span> with 1 supplement <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig4" class="asset-viewer-inline__header_link">see all</a> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9paWlmLmVsaWZlc2NpZW5jZXMub3JnL2xheDo0NDc1MyUyRmVsaWZlLTQ0NzUzLWZpZzQtdjIudGlmL2Z1bGwvZnVsbC8wL2RlZmF1bHQuanBn/elife-44753-fig4-v2.jpg?_hash=ywXgEBLsOzGfI3rEs2OHLvcZSgqwkJ8EhBicEWmfAJ8%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg" class="asset-viewer-inline__open_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="visuallyhidden">Open asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg" class="captioned-asset__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> + <picture class="captioned-asset__picture"> + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.webp 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.webp 1x" + type="image/webp" + > + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.jpg 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg 1x" + type="image/jpeg" + > + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig4-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg" + + alt="" + class="captioned-asset__image" + > + </picture> + </a> + + + + + <figcaption class="captioned-asset__caption"> + + <h6 class="caption-text__heading">Neurotransmitter use in the motor ganglion.</h6> + + + <div class="caption-text__body"><p class="paragraph">(<b>a</b> and <b>b</b>) Expression of VGAT and VACHT by in situ hybridization in the motor ganglion, lateral (<b>a</b>) and dorsal (<b>b</b>) views. Asterisks indicate predicted ependymal cells. (<b>c</b>) Lateral view of VGAT expression in the AMGs. (<b>d</b>) shows same view as c, but with VACHT expression. (<b>e</b>) Diagram of neurons in the motor ganglion (derived from Figure 1 of <a href="#bib44">Ryan et al., 2017</a>). Box indicates approximate positions of panels c and d. Lateral view; anterior is to the left. (<b>f</b>) Dorsal view of VGAT expression in the AMGs. Asterisk indicates central non-VGAT expressing cell. (<b>g</b>) Three dimensional surface rendering of VGAT expressing cells in the AMGs. (<b>h</b>) Diagram of a dorsal view of the motor ganglion. AMG cells are numbered. Abbreviations: dor., dorsal; vent., ventral; ant., anterior; post., posterior; AMG, ascending motor ganglion neuron; MGIN, motor ganglion interneuron; ddN, descending decussating neurons; ACIN, ascending contralateral inhibitory neurons; MN, motor neuron; VGAT, vesicular GABA transporter; VACHT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.009" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.009</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> +<p class="paragraph">Because of the highly structured MG cellular anatomy, we can identify the various MG cell types in the in situ data. The anterior group of VGAT-positive cells is clustered dorsally in the MG, and correspond to AMGs (4 c, d and e; (<a href="#bib44">Ryan et al., 2017</a>)). In a dorsal view of the MG (<a href="#fig4">Figure 4f,g and h</a>) a ring of VGAT-positive cells was observed with a non-VGAT expressing cell in the center (asterisk, <a href="#fig4">Figure 4f and g</a>). The VGAT-expressing cells appear to be AMGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, while the central cell, which is instead positive for VACHT, appears to be AMG5. The connectome shows that AMG5 differs in its connectivity from the other AMGs. Significantly, AMG5 is the principle synaptic input for PNS neurons. It then synapses to the other AMGs, which in turn project their axons to other cells in the MG, including MGINs and MNs, as well as to the pr-AMG RNs in the BV. In the posterior of the MG we observed two pairs of VGAT-positive neurons, as described previously (<a href="#bib21">Horie et al., 2009</a>). Finally, in the ventral MG we observed a continuous block of VACHT expression that encompasses the anterior three pairs of MNs, the ddNs, and the MGINs. Similar in situ patterns were observed in most larvae (<a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig4s1">Figure 4—figure supplement 1</a>), although the positions of the ACINs were offset in several (see larvae 5 and 6 in <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig4s1">Figure 4—figure supplement 1</a>), and one larva was observed to be missing both one motor neuron and one ACIN (larva 7in <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig4s1">Figure 4—figure supplement 1</a>), suggesting that MG variants, such as was observed in the animal used in the connectome study, may be relatively common.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s2-4" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Parallel visuomotor circuits</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Our results indicate that the PR-Is, with the exception of two cells, are glutamatergic, while the PR-IIs are a mixture of GABAergic and GABA/glutamatergic. The <i>Ciona</i> genome contains a single glutamate AMPA receptor (AMPAR) (<a href="#bib36">Okamura et al., 2005</a>) that is expressed in larvae in the two antenna cells, and in a small cluster of neurons in the pBV (<a href="#bib18">Hirai et al., 2017</a>). Published results show that most of the pBV group of AMPAR-positive neurons are clustered at the ends of Arrestin-labeled photoreceptor axons, and that they extend their axons to the MG, suggesting they are photoreceptor RNs (see Figure 2B" in <a href="#bib18">Hirai et al., 2017</a>). We find that this pBV group is composed of ~6 cells (<a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig5s1">Figure 5—figure supplement 1</a>). To investigate this further, we co-expressed an pAMPAR >GFP construct (<a href="#bib18">Hirai et al., 2017</a>) with pVACHT >CFP and pVGAT >nuclear RFP constructs. We observed coexpression of the AMPAR reporter in a subset of the VACHT-positive RNs, but never in the VGAT-expressing RNs (<a href="#fig5">Figure 5a</a>).</p> + <div + id="fig5" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline-- " + data-variant="" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="fig5" + data-asset-viewer-uri="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg" + data-asset-viewer-width="1400" + data-asset-viewer-height="1500" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Figure 5</span> with 1 supplement <a href="/articles/44753/figures#fig5" class="asset-viewer-inline__header_link">see all</a> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9paWlmLmVsaWZlc2NpZW5jZXMub3JnL2xheDo0NDc1MyUyRmVsaWZlLTQ0NzUzLWZpZzUtdjIudGlmL2Z1bGwvZnVsbC8wL2RlZmF1bHQuanBn/elife-44753-fig5-v2.jpg?_hash=0aDXVHgnozrp0Q80t8%2FT5K718EzJQmgreXzfYFK9oAQ%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg" class="asset-viewer-inline__open_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="visuallyhidden">Open asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg" class="captioned-asset__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> + <picture class="captioned-asset__picture"> + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.webp 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.webp 1x" + type="image/webp" + > + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.jpg 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg 1x" + type="image/jpeg" + > + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig5-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg" + + alt="" + class="captioned-asset__image" + > + </picture> + </a> + + + + + <figcaption class="captioned-asset__caption"> + + <h6 class="caption-text__heading">AMPA receptors in negative phototaxis.</h6> + + + <div class="caption-text__body"><p class="paragraph">(<b>a</b>) Coexpression of an AMPA-receptor and VACHT expression constructs in the relay neurons (white asterisks). The main panel shows the merge while smaller panels at right show single channels. (<b>b</b>) Negative phototaxis assay in control larvae. Yellow arrow indicates direction of 505 nm light. By 60 min (m) the majority of the larvae have swum to the side of the dish away from the light (red arrow). (<b>c</b>) Perampanel-treated larvae do not show negative phototaxis. (<b>d</b>) Quantification of negative phototaxis in control and perampanel-treated larvae. Points indicate the averages from three independent assays, ±standard deviation. Y-axis represents the percentage of larvae found on the side away from the light source (distal third). Abbreviations: VGAT, vesicular GABA transporter; VACHT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.011" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.011</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> +<p class="paragraph">To assess the function of the AMPAR-positive cells in <i>Ciona</i> visuomotor behaviors we used the non-competitive AMPAR antagonist perampanel (<a href="#bib17">Hanada et al., 2011</a>). For the assay, larvae were treated at 25 hr post fertilization (hpf) with perampanel in sea water and compared to vehicle-treated control larvae for both negative phototaxis and response to light dimming. The negative phototaxis assay consisted of placing the larvae in a 10 cm petri dish of sea water with a 505 nm LED lamp placed to one side (described by us previously <a href="#bib46">Salas et al., 2018</a>). Images were collected at 1 min intervals over 5 hr to assess for taxis (<a href="#video1">Video 1</a>). <a href="#fig5">Figure 5b and c</a> show representative frames from the time-lapse capture at the start and at 60 min for control and perampanel-treated larvae, respectively. In the control sample the larvae at 60 min were observed to cluster at the side of the petri dish away from the light (distal side; red arrows in <a href="#fig5">Figure 5b</a>). By contrast no taxis was observed in the perampanel treated larvae (<a href="#fig5">Figure 5c</a>). Combined results from three independent assays (n = 129–365 larvae per group) are shown in <a href="#fig5">Figure 5d</a> and presented as the percent of larvae found on distal third of the petri dish. For control larvae ~ 70% swam to the distal third within 1 hr, while the perampanel-treated larvae remained evenly distributed across the dish.</p> + <div + id="video1" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline--video " + data-variant="video" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="video1" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Video 1</span> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9zdGF0aWMtbW92aWUtdXNhLmdsZW5jb2Vzb2Z0d2FyZS5jb20vbXA0LzEwLjc1NTQvODg2Lzc3MWIyN2VkMjZmNzI1MTEwOGJkMzViODQyY2U1OTYzZTYzNDExOTkvZWxpZmUtNDQ3NTMtdmlkZW8xLm1wNA==/elife-44753-video1.mp4?_hash=QotDe4lMfotdXdc%2BUKEblblnp1b0B6bupqA3BcEJbnU%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + + + <video controls="controls" poster="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-video1.jpg/full/639,/0/default.jpg" preload="metadata"> + + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-video1.jpg/full/639,/0/default.jpg" alt="posterframe for video" /> + + <p>This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing.</p> + + <source src="https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/mp4/10.7554/886/771b27ed26f7251108bd35b842ce5963e6341199/elife-44753-video1.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.42E01E, mp4a.40.2"' class="media-source"/> + + <div> + + + <a class="media-source__fallback_link" href="https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/mp4/10.7554/886/771b27ed26f7251108bd35b842ce5963e6341199/elife-44753-video1.mp4">Download as MPEG-4</a> + + </div> + <source src="https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/webm/10.7554/886/771b27ed26f7251108bd35b842ce5963e6341199/elife-44753-video1.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8.0, vorbis"' class="media-source"/> + + <div> + + + <a class="media-source__fallback_link" href="https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/webm/10.7554/886/771b27ed26f7251108bd35b842ce5963e6341199/elife-44753-video1.webm">Download as WebM</a> + + </div> + <source src="https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/ogv/10.7554/886/771b27ed26f7251108bd35b842ce5963e6341199/elife-44753-video1.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' class="media-source"/> + + <div> + + + <a class="media-source__fallback_link" href="https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/ogv/10.7554/886/771b27ed26f7251108bd35b842ce5963e6341199/elife-44753-video1.ogv">Download as Ogg</a> + + </div> + + </video> + + + <figcaption class="captioned-asset__caption"> + + <h6 class="caption-text__heading">Negative phototaxis of control and perampanel-treated <i>Ciona</i> larvae in 10 cm petri dishes.</h6> + + + <div class="caption-text__body"><p class="paragraph">Directional 505 nm illumination is from the left. Frames were taken at 1 per minute over five hours. In the video the 5 hr is compressed to 15 s (i.e., 1200X normal speed). Black and white tones were inverted to make the larvae more visible.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.014" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.014</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> +<p class="paragraph">The inability of the perampanel-treated larvae to undergo phototaxis was not the result of an inability to swim, as seen in <a href="#video2">Video 2</a> which was taken at 8.9 fps, with and without perampanel. Moreover, we observed that perampanel treatment had no effect on the light dimming response (<a href="#video3">Video 3</a>). <a href="#fig6">Figure 6a and b</a> show 5 s projection images from <a href="#video3">Video 3</a> immediately before and after dimming. In these images swims appear as lines, and the responses in control and perampanel-treated larvae appear qualitatively similar. To quantitatively compare dimming response, control and perampanel-treated larvae were exposed to a range of dimming intensities from 2 to 60-fold and the percentage of larvae responding was measured and presented as a percentage in <a href="#fig6">Figure 6c</a> (results are from three independent assays, with 46–139 larvae per group). The percentage responding at all intensities was very similar for both groups, and pair-wise comparisons at each fold change failed to show significance. In addition, no differences were measured in the velocity or duration of swims in pair-wise comparisons of control and perampanel-treated larvae at any fold-dimming (data not shown). We conclude that there is no change in sensitivity to dimming caused by perampanel treatment, while phototaxis was completely disrupted. Finally, we also observed that the touch response was not inhibited by perampanel (data not shown), despite the presence of VGLUT-positive epidermal sensory neurons (<a href="#bib20">Horie et al., 2008b</a>). This would appear to agree with the observation that primary RNs for the PNS, the eminens cells and the AMGs do not express the AMPAR (<a href="#bib18">Hirai et al., 2017</a>; and our observations). In addition to the AMPAR, the <i>Ciona</i> genome contains several other glutamate receptors including one kainate and one NMDA (<a href="#bib36">Okamura et al., 2005</a>), although their expression has not been characterized.</p> + <div + id="fig6" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline-- " + data-variant="" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="fig6" + data-asset-viewer-uri="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg" + data-asset-viewer-width="1500" + data-asset-viewer-height="1124" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Figure 6</span> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9paWlmLmVsaWZlc2NpZW5jZXMub3JnL2xheDo0NDc1MyUyRmVsaWZlLTQ0NzUzLWZpZzYtdjIudGlmL2Z1bGwvZnVsbC8wL2RlZmF1bHQuanBn/elife-44753-fig6-v2.jpg?_hash=v4N145cqneQAaynzcjF%2FnAcen6AeM%2BkieeWEMRTMIFY%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg" class="asset-viewer-inline__open_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="visuallyhidden">Open asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + <a href="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg" class="captioned-asset__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> + <picture class="captioned-asset__picture"> + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.webp 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.webp 1x" + type="image/webp" + > + <source srcset="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/1234,/0/default.jpg 2x, https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg 1x" + type="image/jpeg" + > + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-fig6-v2.tif/full/617,/0/default.jpg" + + alt="" + class="captioned-asset__image" + > + </picture> + </a> + + + + + <figcaption class="captioned-asset__caption"> + + <h6 class="caption-text__heading">Perampanel does not disrupt the light dimming response.</h6> + + + <div class="caption-text__body"><p class="paragraph">(<b>a</b>) Light dimming response in control larvae. Shown are 5 s (s) projections from time-lapse videos in which swims appear as lines. Left panel shows a projection 5 s before dimming, and right panel 5 s after dimming. (<b>b</b>) same as a, but larvae were perampanel-treated. (<b>c</b>) Quantification of light dimming response in control and perampanel treated larvae. Larvae were exposed to dimming of 505 nm light from 2- to 60-fold. Dimming response was scored as percent of larvae responding. Bars show averages of three independent assays ± standard deviation.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.015" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.015</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> + <div + id="video2" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline--video " + data-variant="video" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="video2" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Video 2</span> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9zdGF0aWMtbW92aWUtdXNhLmdsZW5jb2Vzb2Z0d2FyZS5jb20vbXA0LzEwLjc1NTQvODg2Lzc3MWIyN2VkMjZmNzI1MTEwOGJkMzViODQyY2U1OTYzZTYzNDExOTkvZWxpZmUtNDQ3NTMtdmlkZW8yLm1wNA==/elife-44753-video2.mp4?_hash=Td7A8NTjXLYjBj4RDkmj2zYo4EbpSS%2FCisGNZPPo1Ws%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + + + <video controls="controls" poster="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-video2.jpg/full/639,/0/default.jpg" preload="metadata"> + + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-video2.jpg/full/639,/0/default.jpg" alt="posterframe for video" /> + + <p>This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. 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Black and white tones were inverted to make the larvae more visible. The video plays at 5X normal speed.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.017" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.017</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> + <div + id="video3" + class="asset-viewer-inline asset-viewer-inline--video " + data-variant="video" + data-behaviour="AssetNavigation AssetViewer ToggleableCaption" + data-selector=".caption-text__body" + data-asset-viewer-group="video3" + > + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_panel"> + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text"> + <span class="asset-viewer-inline__header_text__prominent">Video 3</span> + </div> + + + <div class="asset-viewer-inline__figure_access"> + <a href="https://elifesciences.org/download/aHR0cHM6Ly9zdGF0aWMtbW92aWUtdXNhLmdsZW5jb2Vzb2Z0d2FyZS5jb20vbXA0LzEwLjc1NTQvODg2Lzc3MWIyN2VkMjZmNzI1MTEwOGJkMzViODQyY2U1OTYzZTYzNDExOTkvZWxpZmUtNDQ3NTMtdmlkZW8zLm1wNA==/elife-44753-video3.mp4?_hash=GCjCBk4K%2BjkExSoFO0Wc8pv%2FhPFCkRZ84QpH%2Bavz994%3D" class="asset-viewer-inline__download_all_link" download="Download"><span class="visuallyhidden">Download asset</span></a> + </div> + + </div> + + <figure class="captioned-asset"> + + + + <video controls="controls" poster="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-video3.jpg/full/639,/0/default.jpg" preload="metadata"> + + <img src="https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax:44753%2Felife-44753-video3.jpg/full/639,/0/default.jpg" alt="posterframe for video" /> + + <p>This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. 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Black and white tones were inverted, and thus the dimming appears as a brightening. The video plays at 5X normal speed.</p> +</div> + + <span class="doi doi--asset"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.018" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.018</a></span> + + </figcaption> + + + + + </figure> + + + </div> +<p class="paragraph">In summary, we are able to separate the phototaxis and dimming behaviors pharmacologically. Moreover, we can identify the VACHT/AMPAR-positive RNs as essential for an excitatory PR-I circuit that involves presynaptic glutamatergic PR-Is and postsynaptic cholinergic MGINs. The number and location of the VACHT/AMPAR-positive RNs, the circuit logic, and our behavioral observations are all consistent with these being prRNs.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s2-5" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">A disinhibitory circuit</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Of equal significance to our observation that navigation is inhibited by perampanel, is our observation that the dimming response, which is mediated by the PR-IIs (<a href="#bib46">Salas et al., 2018</a>), is not inhibited by perampanel (<a href="#fig6">Figure 6</a>). Our expression studies show that the PR-IIs are comprised of a mixture of VGAT- and VGAT/VGLUT-expressing photoreceptors. Although it is formally possible that PR-IIs signal exclusively via glutamate in an excitatory circuit via a non-AMPA glutamate receptor on their RNs, our observations that several of the PR-IIs are VGAT-only, as are the majority of the pr-AMG RNs, suggests an alternative disinhibitory circuitry logic. This circuit would consist of the inhibitory PR-IIs synapsing to the pr-AMG RNs to reduce their inhibition on the cholinergic MGINs.</p> +<p class="paragraph">Implicit in the disinhibitory model is an autonomous level of motor activity in larvae that could be inhibited by the GABAergic pr-AMG RNs, and that this inhibition is released upon stimulation of the GABAergic PR-IIs. We investigated this possibility by two approaches. In the first approach, we inhibited GABAergic receptors with picrotoxin (<a href="#bib37">Olsen, 2014</a>), which should inhibit signals from the GABAergic photoreceptors and the pr-AMG RNs (and most likely the AntRNs), as well as PNS relay neurons, including the eminens cells and the AMGs. The ACINs, which are essential for the central pattern generator (<a href="#bib35">Nishino et al., 2010</a>), are glycinergic and should not be inhibited by picrotoxin. In the second approach, we took advantage of a previously described <i>Ciona</i> mutant, <i>frimousse (frm)</i> (<a href="#bib10">Deschet and Smith, 2004</a>; <a href="#bib16">Hackley et al., 2013</a>). In homozygous <i>frm</i> larvae the anterior BV is transfated to epidermis due to a null mutation in a neurula stage-specific connexin gene (<a href="#bib16">Hackley et al., 2013</a>). <i>Frm</i> larvae thus lack the ocellus pigment cell and photoreceptors, as well as the otolith, although the motor ganglion appears intact (<a href="#bib10">Deschet and Smith, 2004</a>; <a href="#bib16">Hackley et al., 2013</a>).</p> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s2-5-1" +> + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-4" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) in situ</h3> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-4" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph"><i>Ciona intestinalis</i>-type B were used for in situ studies and staged to match the animals used in the connectome study (<a href="#bib43">Ryan et al., 2016</a>). Optimized HCR in situ probes for each target transcript were obtained from Molecular Technologies. For detection of GABAergic/glycinergic cells, probes were made to the vesicular GABA transporter gene; for glutamatergic cells, probes were made to the vesicular glutamate transporter for cholinergic cells, probes were made to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. The sequences from which the HCR probe sets were chosen were assembled from scaffold reads available through the Aniseed website (aniseed.cnrs.fr), and are shown in <a href="/articles/44753/figures#supp1">Supplementary file 1</a>. The in situ protocol followed the previously published <i>Ciona in situ</i> hybridization protocol (<a href="#bib8">Corbo et al., 1997</a>) until the prehybridization step. At this point, the protocol follows the published HCR protocol (<a href="#bib7">Choi et al., 2018</a>), with the following exception: during the amplification stage, incubation with hairpins is performed for 3 days instead of 12–16 hr.</p> +<p class="paragraph">HCR in situ stained larvae were cleared with Slowfade Gold with DAPI (Invitrogen) and imaged on a Leica SP8 resonant scanning confocal microscope. Imaris v. 9.1 (Bitplane) was used to visualize embryos and assign centroids to nuclei using the ‘add new spots’ function, followed by manual correction when necessary. Nuclei were assigned using the maximum intensity projection, cropped to the area of interest. Volume rendering of in situ patterns was also done using Imaris v. 9.1.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-5" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Cell registration</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">A rotation matrix was calculated based on the 3-dimensional vectors between the anchor cells (ddN and/or antenna cells) and the center of the target cells (photoreceptors or relay neurons) using the HCR in situ (target set) and connectome cell centroids (source set). The source set was then rotated to an approximate orientation to the target set. Next, the Coherent Point Drift Algorithm was used to calculate an affine transformation matrix between the source set and the target set of cells (<a href="#bib32">Myronenko and Song, 2010</a>). This algorithm models the source set as a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), and the target set is treated as observations from the GMM. The transformation matrix is calculated to maximize the Maximum A Posteriori estimation that the observed point cloud is drawn from the GMM. A nearest neighbor mapping based on Euclidean distance is then used to find the closest corresponding point in the target cell set for each cell in the transformed source cell set. The implementation used was adapted from the pure Python implementation <a href="https://github.com/siavashk/pycpd">https://github.com/siavashk/pycpd</a>. The maximum number of iterations was set to 1000 and the maximum root mean squared error for convergence was set to 0.001. The code for the registration is available as supplementary material (<a href="/articles/44753/figures#scode1">Source codes 1</a>–<a href="/articles/44753/figures#scode3">3</a>).</p> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-5-1" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Confusion matrix</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-5-1" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Each dataset containing NT information was registered to every other dataset of the same type using the algorithm detailed above. The EM-registration based cell assignments of each cell in both sets is then compared to each other to see if they agree (<a href="#bib49">Stehman, 1997</a>). The confusion matrix shows the number of times a cell assignment in one dataset corresponds with each other cell assignment in another dataset.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-6" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Behavioral assays</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">For time-lapse videos the inverted lid of a 60 mm petri dish was first coated with a thin layer of 1% agarose. Larvae were then added to the inverted lid with filtered sea water containing 0.1% BSA with streptomycin and kanamycin each at 20 μg/ml. Finally the dish was covered with a square of glass leaving no air at the top interface. Stock solutions of perampanel were dissolved in methanol and diluted to final concentrations of either 5 μm (Santa Cruz Biotech) or 15 µM (Adooq Bioscience) in filtered sea water/BSA/antibiotics. Picrotoxin (Tocris) was also diluted in methanol and used at a final concentration of 1 mM. Control samples received methanol alone.</p> +<p class="paragraph">Time-lapse images were collected using a Hamamatsu Orca-ER camera fitted on a Navitar 7000 macro zoom lens. Programmable 700 nm and 505 nm LED lamps were used to illuminate the larvae (Mightex). All light intensity readings were taken with an Extech Instruments light meter.</p> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-6-1" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Dimming-response</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-6-1" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">All larvae used were between 25 and 28 hpf (18°C). For image capture, the larvae were illuminated with the 700 nm LED lamp and the camera was fitted with a red filter to block the 505 nm light. The videos were recorded at five fps. In the assays, larvae were first recorded for 10 s with the 505 nm LED light mounted above the dish at 600 lux and then dimmed to specific values while image capture continued for another 3 min. Larvae were allowed to recover for 5 min before being assayed again.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-6-2" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Phototaxis</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-6-2" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">All larvae used were approximately 25 hpf (18°C). The 505 nm LED light was mounted to one side to the petri dish at approximately 3000 lux. Images were captured at one frame per minute for five hours, with the exception of 30 s capture session at 8.9 fps to assay swimming behavior.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-6-3" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Spontaneous Swims</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-6-3" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">All larvae used were between 26 and 28 hpf. The plates were illuminated with only a 700 nm LED light in order to record dark conditions. The videos were recorded at about 8.9 fps for one minute.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-7" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Behavioral data analysis</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <section + class="article-section " + id="s4-7-1" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Dim-response criteria</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-7-1" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Responses to light dimming were counted if: (1) the larva was stationary at the time of the light dimming, and (2) it swam for longer than 3 s. Three seconds was determined by measuring the duration of tail flicks as previously described (<a href="#bib46">Salas et al., 2018</a>). Larvae that bumped or brushed against other larvae or the dish edges were not counted.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-7-2" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Tracking and quantification</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-7-2" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Larval swims were tracked using a custom MATLAB script named Estimators of Locomotion Iterations for Animal Experiments (ELIANE). Before uploading to ELIANE, time-lapse images were first processed with Fiji (ImageJ) by subtracting a minimum Z-projection to all the frames and then inverting black and white. ELIANE takes the processed time-lapse images and first creates a background image by averaging the pixels from all the frames. Next, it goes to the initial frame, subtracts the background image, and stores all remaining objects found in the specified region of interest (ROI) as initial objects. Then, analyzing one-by-one the initial objects, it goes frame-by-frame subtracting the background image and analyzing all objects to determine the new position of the object by comparing the Euclidean distances of it to all other objects in that frame. If the object had moved unrealistically fast (>6.5 mm/s), moved outside the ROI, or did not move after a set time (1 min), the object was not analyzed. This MATLAB script can be found in the Supplemental Materials (<a href="/articles/44753/figures#scode4">Source code 4</a>).</p> +<p class="paragraph">The spontaneous swims in the <i>frimousse</i> experiment were quantified manually.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-7-3" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Sampling</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-7-3" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Assessment of larval swim parameters were performed using three independent assays. For the spontaneous swims, which were quantified manually, 25 larvae were selected randomly, starting from the center of the plate going outward, only using the ones that could be tracked for the entire minute recording session.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + id="s4-7-4" + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">Tests of significance</h4> + <a href="https://bio-protocol.org/eLIFErap44753?item=s4-7-4" class="article-section__header_link">Request a detailed protocol</a> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">Dimming response significance and swim frequency were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test; spontaneous swim time significance was calculated using the Student’s <i>t</i>-test; and the variance of spontaneous swimming significance was calculated using the F-test.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + <button class="speech-bubble speech-bubble--has-placeholder" + data-behaviour="SpeechBubble HypothesisOpener" + +aria-live="polite"> + <span class="speech-bubble__inner"><span aria-hidden="true"><span data-visible-annotation-count>“</span></span><span class="visuallyhidden"> Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is <span data-hypothesis-annotation-count>being calculated</span>.</span></span> +</button> + + + + <section + class="article-section " + id="references" + data-behaviour="ArticleSection" + data-initial-state="closed" +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h2 class="article-section__header_text">References</h2> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + +<ol class="reference-list"> + <li class="reference-list__item"> + <span class="reference-list__ordinal_number">1</span> + <div class="reference" data-popup-label="See in references" data-popup-contents="bib1" id="bib1"> + + + <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2017.12.005" class="reference__title">Fold-change detection in biological systems</a> + + + + + <ol class="reference__authors_list"> + <li class="reference__author"> + <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22author:M+Adler%22" class="reference__authors_link">M Adler</a></li> + <li 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<li class="reference__author"> + <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22author:RW+Zeller%22" class="reference__authors_link">RW Zeller</a></li> + </ol> + <span class="reference__authors_list_suffix">(2018)</span> + + <div class="reference__origin"><i>Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology</i> <b>1029</b>:37–48.</div> + + <span class="doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7545-2_5" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7545-2_5</a></span> + + <ul class="reference__abstracts"> + <li class="reference__abstract"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29542079" class="reference__abstract_link">PubMed</a></li> + <li class="reference__abstract"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Electroporation+in+ascidians%3A+history%2C+theory+and+protocols&author=RW+Zeller&publication_year=2018&journal=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&volume=1029&pages=pp.+37%E2%80%9348&pmid=29542079" class="reference__abstract_link">Google Scholar</a></li> + + </ul> + </div> + </li> +</ol> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + <section + class="article-section " + id="SA1" + data-behaviour="ArticleSection" + data-initial-state="closed" +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h2 class="article-section__header_text">Decision letter</h2> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <div class="decision-letter-header"> + <ol class="listing-list"> + <li class="listing-list__item"> + <div class="profile-snippet"> + <div class="profile-snippet__container clearfix"> + + <div class="profile-snippet__name">Oliver Hobert</div> + <div class="profile-snippet__title">Reviewing Editor; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, United States</div> + </div> + </div> + </li> + <li class="listing-list__item"> + <div class="profile-snippet"> + <div class="profile-snippet__container clearfix"> + + <div class="profile-snippet__name">Ronald L Calabrese</div> + <div class="profile-snippet__title">Senior Editor; Emory University, United States</div> + </div> + </div> + </li> + </ol> + <div class="decision-letter-header__main_text"><p class="paragraph">In the interests of transparency, eLife includes the editorial decision letter and accompanying author responses. A lightly edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the most substantive concerns; minor comments are not usually included.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="paragraph">Thank you for submitting your article "Parallel Visual Circuitry in a Basal Chordate" for consideration by <i>eLife</i>. Your article has been reviewed by Ronald Calabrese as the Senior Editor, a Reviewing Editor, Oliver Hobert, and two reviewers. The reviewers have opted to remain anonymous.</p> +<p class="paragraph">The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission.</p> +<p class="paragraph">The reviewers – and the Reviewing Editor – agree that the manuscript reports an interesting, exciting set of findings that provide new insight into how visual systems evolve. However, there is also agreement that the evidence behind the GABA receptors being involved in the behavioral response to dimming is entirely indirect, and would be substantially strengthened by a pharmacological parallel to the Glutamate receptor antagonist data. That is, according to the disinhibition model, acute blockade of GABA(A) receptors with a pharmacological antagonist should produce a "hyperactive" movement phenotype akin to the <i>frm</i> mutant animal, but one that should still be capable of phototaxis (but not a dimming response). Such a result would provide an elegant "double dissociation" that would parallel the findings with the AMPA receptor antagonist.</p> +<p class="paragraph">There is also agreement that the manuscript requires an extensive revision to the Introduction that puts the work in a broader context. At present, the manuscript begins largely with a description of the <i>Ciona</i> connectome, in relation to other complete connectomes, and then plunges directly into a more detailed description of ganglia, cells and synapses. A broader audience could be engaged by the work if the authors identified the key question of interest, and provides some of the background material currently found in the Discussion section, before diving into the pertinent details.</p> +<p class="paragraph"><i>Reviewer #1:</i></p> +<p class="paragraph">How the functional architecture of visual systems has evolved to subserve different behavioral goals is a fundamental question of broad interest. At present, while we have a deep understanding of visual system organization in a few experimental models, such a fundamental question can be enriched through the exploration of evolutionarily divergent organisms. In this context, Smith and colleagues integrate a new description of neurotransmitter expression patterns, ultrastructural connectivity, pharmacology and behavior to derive new insights into the architecture of the Ascidian <i>Ciona</i> visual system.</p> +<p class="paragraph">First, by mapping RNA expression patterns onto neurons spanning the <i>Ciona</i> nervous system using a combination of HCR in situs and image registration, they assign neurotransmitter types to many neurons. Importantly, these studies reveal three classes of ocellus photoreceptors – one that uses glutamate as a transmitter, one that uses GABA, and one that appears to release both. Next, using a glutamate receptor antagonist, they demonstrate that blockade of signaling from glutamatergic photoreceptors blocks phototaxis, but does not affect a second behavior evoked by transient dimming. Finally, consistent with the idea that a subset of photoreceptors could control the dimming response by depolarizing to darkness, and releasing GABA, the authors describe a mutant in which visual input to motor pathways is disrupted, leading to an animal that swims constitutively.</p> +<p class="paragraph">Overall, this manuscript reports an interesting, exciting set of findings that provide new insight into how visual systems evolve. I find the idea that there might be photoreceptors that appear to hyperpolarize to light and release GABA particularly exciting, and it will be fascinating to learn more about how these photoreceptors are related to retinal and pineal photoreceptors in vertebrates. However, I do feel that the evidence behind these receptors being involved in the behavioral response to dimming is entirely indirect, and would be substantially strengthened by a pharmacological parallel to the Glutamate receptor antagonist data. That is, according to the disinhibition model, acute blockade of GABA(A) receptors with a pharmacological antagonist should produce a "hyperactive" movement phenotype akin to the <i>frm</i> mutant animal, but one that should still be capable of phototaxis (but not a dimming response). Such a result would provide an elegant "double dissociation" that would parallel the findings with the AMPA receptor antagonist.</p> +<p class="paragraph"><i>Reviewer #2:</i></p> +<p class="paragraph">The fact that there is a full map of connections in <i>Ciona</i> provides a great opportunity to dissect circuits. Even better, the tools are there to perform some genetic and pharmacological pertubations, and evaluate effects on behavior. This study begins to exploit these features in a study of the <i>Ciona</i> visual system. The authors dug deeper into two circuits that begin with photoreception. They used transgenic reporter animals and in situ hybridization to define the use of two classical neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA. Surprisingly, one type of photoreceptor uses GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter not previously described as used by photoreceptors in any species. From the known connections, they also make a case for how the two circuits are connected, and further suggest that one of the circuits is disinhibitory, perhaps along with other sensory inputs, for oscillatory swimming behavior. Through the use of a specific antagonist for a glutamate receptor they are able to show that one of the photoreceptor circuits is involved with detection of the direction of light (phototaxis), using a behavioral assay. Interestingly, inhibition of phototaxis has no effect on the other circuit, which detects dimming. However, it is likely that there is cross talk between the two photoreceptor circuits, as suggested by the known anatomy.</p> +<p class="paragraph">Overall this study provides a very nice example of photoreceptor directed behavior as controlled by two different circuits. It provides food for though regarding the evolution of different types of visually guided behaviors and the use of different types of photoreceptors. Optogenetic manipulations and calcium imaging (tried by the authors but did not work due to technical limitations) would greatly add to this story, but as it stands it constitutes a very nice addition to our understanding of a sensory circuit and behavior.</p> + + + + + <span class="doi doi--article-section"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.036" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.036</a></span> + </div> + +</section> + + + + <section + class="article-section " + id="SA2" + data-behaviour="ArticleSection" + data-initial-state="closed" +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h2 class="article-section__header_text">Author response</h2> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph"><i>The reviewers – and the reviewing editor – agree that the manuscript reports an interesting, exciting set of findings that provide new insight into how visual systems evolve. […] A broader audience could be engaged by the work if the authors identified the key question of interest, and provides some of the background material currently found in the Discussion section, before diving into the pertinent details.</i></p> +<p class="paragraph">In our revised manuscript we have thoroughly addressed the reviewers concerns and have included extensive new data from behavioral studies using a GABA receptor antagonist (Figure 7 in the revised manuscript, and related text). As you will read in the text, our results with the GABA receptor antagonist (picrotoxin) agree thoroughly with our disinhibition model (and with our observations of the <i>frm</i> mutant). The use of the GABA receptor antagonist was an excellent suggestion, and we feel that the results presented here greatly strengthen our model. As you will see in Figure 7, picrotoxin (like the <i>frm</i> mutant) leads to increased spontaneous swimming. Moreover, picrotoxin also leads to a dramatic reduction in the dimming response. We then show with use of picrotoxin combined with the AMPAR antagonist perampanel that the residual dimming response is due to parallel activation of the excitatory circuit. Finally, we show that picrotoxin-treated larvae are still capable of phototaxis. However, we observed that the phototaxis ability of the picrotoxin-treated larvae was somewhat dampened in comparison to controls, which we attribute to excitotoxicity of prolonged picrotoxin exposure (Movie5 documents the toxicity of prolonged picrotoxin exposure).</p> +<p class="paragraph">We have also extensively rewritten the Introduction along the lines suggested by the reviewer. Additionally, as requested, we have included in the text the number of animals tested using the pOpsin1/VGAT Kaede combination (n=5). Finally, we have collected additional data on neurotransmitter use by cells of the motor ganglion. These additional data are presented in revised versions of Figure 4 and Figure 4-figure supplement 1. Our conclusions regarding the minimal circuit are unchanged by this additional data; however, we are revising our neurotransmitter assignment to the anterior pair of ACINs. This reassignment was undertaken after consultation with Kerrianne Ryan (author of the <i>Ciona</i> connectome manuscript). We also include an approved personal communication from Dr. Ryan in this section.</p> + + + + + <span class="doi doi--article-section"><a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.037" class="doi__link">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44753.037</a></span> + </div> + +</section> + + + + <section + class="article-section " + id="info" + data-behaviour="ArticleSection" + data-initial-state="closed" +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h2 class="article-section__header_text">Article and author information</h2> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <h3 class="authors-details__heading">Author details</h3> +<ol class="authors-details__authors"> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="x8d8d9914" id="x8d8d9914"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">Matthew J Kourakis</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="author-details__text">Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review and editing</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contributed equally with</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Cezar Borba</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="orcid"> + <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-3811"> + <picture> + <source srcset="/assets/patterns/img/icons/orcid.b96370b9.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> + <img src="/assets/patterns/img/icons/orcid.10f6112b.png" class="orcid__icon" + alt="ORCID icon"> + </picture> <span class="visuallyhidden">"This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:"</span> + 0000-0002-1261-3811</a> + </span> + </section> + + +</div> + +</li> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="xf3e51472" id="xf3e51472"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">Cezar Borba</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="author-details__text">Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review and editing</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contributed equally with</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Matthew J Kourakis</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + + +</div> + +</li> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="xb536f34f" id="xb536f34f"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">Angela Zhang</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="author-details__text">Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Software, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing—review and editing</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + + +</div> + +</li> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="x1d85dfc3" id="x1d85dfc3"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">Erin Newman-Smith</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <ol class="author-details__list list list--bullet"> + <li class="author-details__text">Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</li> + <li class="author-details__text">Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</li> + </ol> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review and editing</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + + +</div> + +</li> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="x6107dd5d" id="x6107dd5d"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">Priscilla Salas</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="author-details__text">Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Investigation, Writing—review and editing</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + + +</div> + +</li> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="x8b937bbf" id="x8b937bbf"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">B Manjunath</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="author-details__text">Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing—review and editing</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + + +</div> + +</li> + <li class="authors-details__author"><div class="author-details" data-popup-contents="xa3814a31" id="xa3814a31"> + + <h4 class="author-details__name">William C Smith</h4> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <ol class="author-details__list list list--bullet"> + <li class="author-details__text">Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</li> + <li class="author-details__text">Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States</li> + </ol> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Contribution</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing—original draft, Project administration</span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">For correspondence</h5> + <span class="author-details__text"><a href="mailto:w_smith@ucsb.edu">w_smith@ucsb.edu</a></span> + </section> + <section class="author-details__section"> + <h5 class="author-details__heading">Competing interests</h5> + <span class="author-details__text">No competing interests declared</span> + </section> + + <section class="author-details__section"> + <span class="orcid"> + <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-7695"> + <picture> + <source srcset="/assets/patterns/img/icons/orcid.b96370b9.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> + <img src="/assets/patterns/img/icons/orcid.10f6112b.png" class="orcid__icon" + alt="ORCID icon"> + </picture> <span class="visuallyhidden">"This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:"</span> + 0000-0002-6257-7695</a> + </span> + </section> + + +</div> + +</li> +</ol> +<section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Funding</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h4 class="article-section__header_text">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS103774)</h4> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + + + <ul class="list list--bullet"> + <li>William C Smith</li> + </ul> + + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<p class="paragraph">The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Acknowledgements</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p class="paragraph">We thank Takeo Horie and Takahiro Kusakabe for the opsin1 promoter construct; Yasunori Sasakura for the stable pVGAT >kaede line and pVACHT >CFP plasmid; Haruo Okado for the pAMPAR >GFP construct. Kerrianne Ryan for her helpful discussion and sharing unpublished data. Chelsea Parlett-Pelleriti for her advice on statistical analysis. We acknowledge the use of the NRI-MCDB Microscopy Facility and the Resonant Scanning Confocal supported by NSF MRI grant 1625770. This work supported by an award from NIH (NS103774) to WCS and BM.</p> + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Senior Editor</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + + <ol class="list"> + <li>Ronald L Calabrese, Emory University, United States</li> + </ol> + + + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Reviewing Editor</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + + <ol class="list"> + <li>Oliver Hobert, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, United States</li> + </ol> + + + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Publication history</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + + <ol class="list list--bullet"> + <li>Received: December 28, 2018</li> + <li>Accepted: April 11, 2019</li> + <li>Accepted Manuscript published: <a href="/articles/44753v1">April 18, 2019 (version 1)</a></li> + <li>Version of Record published: <a href="/articles/44753">May 3, 2019 (version 2)</a></li> + </ol> + + + + + + + </div> + +</section> +<section + class="article-section " + + + +> + + <header class="article-section__header"> + <h3 class="article-section__header_text">Copyright</h3> + </header> + + <div class="article-section__body"> + <p>© 2019, Kourakis et al.</p><p>This article is distributed under the terms of the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</a>, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.</p> + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + + </div> + +</section> + + + + <section + class="article-section " + id="metrics" + 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Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. Our findings were based on serum antibody or yolk antibody detection, and the evaluation results were completely consistent. Therefore, all serum antibody-positive chickens were yolk antibody-positive, and vice versa. Accordingly, vaccine producers can estimate REV cleanliness in a poultry farm by sampling yolk antibody titers." /> + + <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is the most frequent exogenous virus that contaminates attenuated vaccines. Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. Our findings were based on serum antibody or yolk antibody detection, and the evaluation results were completely consistent. Therefore, all serum antibody-positive chickens were yolk antibody-positive, and vice versa. 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Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. Our findings were based on serum antibody or yolk antibody detection, and the evaluation results were completely consistent. Therefore, all serum antibody-positive chickens were yolk antibody-positive, and vice versa. Accordingly, vaccine producers can estimate REV cleanliness in a poultry farm by sampling yolk antibody titers." /> + <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003&size=inline" /> + +<meta property="og:type" content="article" /> +<meta property="og:url" content="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213978"/> +<meta property="og:title" content="Assessment on reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in specific-pathogen-free chickens based on detection of yolk antibody"/> +<meta property="og:description" content="Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is the most frequent exogenous virus that contaminates attenuated vaccines. Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. 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work with: + Yang Li, + Tuanjie Wang + </p> + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Methodology, + + Project administration, + + Resources, + + Writing – original draft + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-0"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose0"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="1" class="author-name" > +Tuanjie Wang <span class="contribute"> </span>,</a> <div id="author-meta-1" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + <p> + <span class="contribute"> </span> Contributed equally to this work with: + Yang Li, + Tuanjie Wang + </p> + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Project administration + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-1"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose1"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="2" class="author-name" > +Lin Wang,</a> <div id="author-meta-2" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Methodology + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-2"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose2"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="3" class="author-name" > +Mingjun Sun,</a> <div id="author-meta-3" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Resources + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-3"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose3"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="4" class="author-name" > +Zhizhong Cui,</a> <div id="author-meta-4" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Supervision + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-4"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose4"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="5" class="author-name" > +Shuang Chang,</a> <div id="author-meta-5" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Methodology + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-5"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose5"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="6" class="author-name" > +Yongping Wu,</a> <div id="author-meta-6" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Methodology + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-6"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose6"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="7" class="author-name" > +Xiaodong Zhang,</a> <div id="author-meta-7" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Methodology + </p> + + <p id="authAffiliations-7"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose7"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="8" class="author-name" > +Xiaohui Yu <span class="email"> </span>,</a> <div id="author-meta-8" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Data curation, + + Investigation, + + Writing – review & editing + </p> + <p id="authCorresponding-8"> <span class="email">* E-mail:</span> <a href="mailto:suntaosdciq@163.com">suntaosdciq@163.com</a> (TS); <a href="mailto:619334017@qq.com">619334017@qq.com</a> (PZ); <a href="mailto:yxhui1030@126.com">yxhui1030@126.com</a> (XY)</p> + <p id="authAffiliations-8"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China + </p> + <div> + <p class="orcid" id="authOrcid-8"> + <span> + <a id="connect-orcid-link" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0555-8727" target="_blank" title="ORCID Registry"> + <img id="orcid-id-logo" src="/plosone/resource/img/orcid_16x16.png" width="16" height="16" alt="ORCID logo"/> + </a> + </span> + <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0555-8727">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0555-8727</a> + </p> + </div> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose8"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="9" class="author-name" > +Tao Sun <span class="email"> </span>,</a> <div id="author-meta-9" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Data curation + </p> + <p id="authCorresponding-9"> <span class="email">* E-mail:</span> <a href="mailto:suntaosdciq@163.com">suntaosdciq@163.com</a> (TS); <a href="mailto:619334017@qq.com">619334017@qq.com</a> (PZ); <a href="mailto:yxhui1030@126.com">yxhui1030@126.com</a> (XY)</p> + <p id="authAffiliations-9"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + Shandong Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose9"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +<li + data-js-tooltip="tooltip_trigger" + +> + <a data-author-id="10" class="author-name" > +Peng Zhao <span class="email"> </span></a> <div id="author-meta-10" class="author-info" data-js-tooltip="tooltip_target"> + + + <p class="roles" id="authRoles"> + <span class="type">Roles</span> + Supervision, + + Validation + </p> + <p id="authCorresponding-10"> <span class="email">* E-mail:</span> <a href="mailto:suntaosdciq@163.com">suntaosdciq@163.com</a> (TS); <a href="mailto:619334017@qq.com">619334017@qq.com</a> (PZ); <a href="mailto:yxhui1030@126.com">yxhui1030@126.com</a> (XY)</p> + <p id="authAffiliations-10"><span class="type">Affiliation</span> + College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China + </p> + + <a data-js-tooltip="tooltip_close" class="close" id="tooltipClose10"> ⨯ </a> + </div> +</li> + +</ul> + +</div> + + +<div id="floatTitleTop" data-js-floater="title_author" class="float-title"> + <div class="set-grid"> + <div class="float-title-inner"> + <h1><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>Assessment on reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in specific-pathogen-free chickens based on detection of yolk antibody</h1> + +<ul id="floatAuthorList" data-js-floater="floated_authors"> + + <li data-float-index="1">Yang Li, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="2">Tuanjie Wang, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="3">Lin Wang, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="4">Mingjun Sun, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="5">Zhizhong Cui, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="6">Shuang Chang, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="7">Yongping Wu, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="8">Xiaodong Zhang, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="9">Xiaohui Yu, + + </li> + <li data-float-index="10">Tao Sun + +</ul> + + + + </div> + <div class="logo-close" id="titleTopCloser"> + <img src="/plosone/resource/img/logo.plos.95.png" alt="PLOS" /> + <div class="close-floater" title="close">x</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + <ul class="date-doi"> + <li id="artPubDate">Published: April 22, 2019</li> + <li id="artDoi"> +<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978</a> + </li> + </ul> + + </div> + <div> + + </div> +</header> + + <section class="article-body"> + + + +<ul class="article-tabs"> + + <li class="tab-title active" id="tabArticle"> + <a href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213978" class="article-tab-1">Article</a> + </li> + + + <li class="tab-title " id="tabAuthors"> + <a 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class="carousel-wrapper"> + <div class="slider"> + + <div class="carousel-item lightbox-figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + + <img src="/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001" + alt="Table 1" + /> + + </div> + + <div class="carousel-item lightbox-figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + + <img src="/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002" + alt="Table 2" + /> + + </div> + + <div class="carousel-item lightbox-figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + + <img src="/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003" + alt="Table 3" + /> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="carousel-control"> + <span class="button previous"></span> + <span class="button next"></span> + </div> + <div class="carousel-page-buttons"> + + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + <div class="article-text" id="artText"> + + + + +<div class="abstract toc-section"><a id="abstract0" name="abstract0" data-toc="abstract0" class="link-target" title="Abstract"></a><h2>Abstract</h2><a id="article1.front1.article-meta1.abstract1.p1" name="article1.front1.article-meta1.abstract1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is the most frequent exogenous virus that contaminates attenuated vaccines. Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. Our findings were based on serum antibody or yolk antibody detection, and the evaluation results were completely consistent. Therefore, all serum antibody-positive chickens were yolk antibody-positive, and vice versa. Accordingly, vaccine producers can estimate REV cleanliness in a poultry farm by sampling yolk antibody titers.</p> +</div> + + +<div class="articleinfo"><p><strong>Citation: </strong>Li Y, Wang T, Wang L, Sun M, Cui Z, Chang S, et al. (2019) Assessment on reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in specific-pathogen-free chickens based on detection of yolk antibody. PLoS ONE 14(4): + e0213978. + + https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978</p><p><strong>Editor: </strong>Eric HY Lau, The University of Hong Kong, CHINA</p><p><strong>Received: </strong>June 22, 2018; <strong>Accepted: </strong>March 5, 2019; <strong>Published: </strong> April 22, 2019</p><p><strong>Copyright: </strong> © 2019 Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p><p><strong>Data Availability: </strong>All relevant data are within the manuscript.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>The research was supported by the National Quality Infrastructure of China (2017YFF0210200).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong> The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></div> + + + + + +<div id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec001" name="sec001" data-toc="sec001" class="link-target" title="Introduction"></a><h2>Introduction</h2><a id="article1.body1.sec1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is one of the most important pathogens that can cause avian tumors. Recently, epidemiological investigations showed that REV infection is very common in Chinese chickens, particularly in local poultry species [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref001" class="ref-tip">1</a>–<a href="#pone.0213978.ref003" class="ref-tip">3</a>]. As REV can be vertically transmitted through hatching eggs [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref004" class="ref-tip">4</a>], if REV-contaminated eggs are used to produce attenuated vaccines, vaccines can be contaminated by REV, which represents one of the crucial ways to disseminate REV [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref005" class="ref-tip">5</a>–<a href="#pone.0213978.ref007" class="ref-tip">7</a>]. Recently in China, the use of REV-contaminated attenuated vaccines is considered to be an important cause of REV infection [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref008" class="ref-tip">8</a>–<a href="#pone.0213978.ref010" class="ref-tip">10</a>].</p> +<a id="article1.body1.sec1.p2" name="article1.body1.sec1.p2" class="link-target"></a><p>To overcome this problem, as the Ministry of Agriculture of China stipulated, all attenuated poultry vaccines must use SPF chickens as raw materials to produce attenuated vaccines, and all vaccine producers must confirm whether SPF chickens are infected by REV or not using sampled serum antibody detection. However, because of the specificity of housing standards in SPF poultry farms, others cannot freely enter a breeding area for sampling and detection. In this current study, we attempted to replace antibody detection in serum with antibody detection in egg yolks of SPF chickens.</p> +</div> + +<div id="section2" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec002" name="sec002" data-toc="sec002" class="link-target" title="Results"></a><h2>Results</h2> +<div id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec003" name="sec003" class="link-target" title="Determination of the optimal yolk dilution"></a> +<h3>Determination of the optimal yolk dilution</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec2.sec1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec2.sec1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Under the same conditions, we measured REV antibody titers in paired yolk and serum samples collected on the same day or one day before or after in 40 SPF chickens during the initial egg-laying stage when the chickens were 23 weeks old. <a href="#pone-0213978-t001">Table 1</a> shows the “goodness of fit” between yolk antibody titers diluted to various concentrations and serum antibody titers at the required concentration. By comparison, we found that REV antibody detection in the yolk at a 1:300 dilution had the highest goodness of fit with serum antibody measurements, and reached 97.5%.</p> +<a class="link-target" id="pone-0213978-t001" name="pone-0213978-t001"></a><div class="figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"><div class="img-box"><a title="Click for larger image" href="article/figure/image?size=medium&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001" data-doi="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978" data-uri="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"><img src="article/figure/image?size=inline&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001" alt="thumbnail" class="thumbnail"></a><div class="expand"></div></div><div class="figure-inline-download"> + Download: + <ul><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + PPT + </a></div><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + PowerPoint slide + </a></li><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + PNG + </a></div><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + larger image + </a></li><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + TIFF + </a></div><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + original image + </a></li></ul></div><div class="figcaption"><span>Table 1. </span> Consistent yolk and serum antibody measurements with different dilutions of yolk.</div><p class="caption_target"></p><p class="caption_object"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001"> + https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t001</a></p></div></div> + +<div id="section2" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec004" name="sec004" class="link-target" title="Comparison of the goodness of fit for ALV-Ab antibody measurements in serum and yolk from SPF chickens of different ages"></a> +<h3>Comparison of the goodness of fit for ALV-Ab antibody measurements in serum and yolk from SPF chickens of different ages</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec2.sec2.p1" name="article1.body1.sec2.sec2.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>In 25–34-week-old chickens, serum and hatching eggs were sampled once per week, and a total of 720 serum samples and 720 yolk samples were collected from 40 SPF infected chickens and 32 SPF chickens without virus challenge. <a href="#pone-0213978-t002">Table 2</a> showed that the yolk antibody findings were completely consistent with those based on serum antibody detection within 10 weeks, as the serum antibody-positive chickens were all yolk antibody-positive, and the serum antibody-negative chickens were all yolk antibody-negative. Additionally, 35 of 40 SPF chickens challenged with REV alone were always REV antibody-positive in the serum and yolk, while 4 were always REV antibody-negative. All 32 SPF chickens without virus challenge were always REV antibody-positive in the serum and yolk. The goodness of fit for serum antibody and yolk antibody detection reached 100%.</p> +<a class="link-target" id="pone-0213978-t002" name="pone-0213978-t002"></a><div class="figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"><div class="img-box"><a title="Click for larger image" href="article/figure/image?size=medium&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002" data-doi="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978" data-uri="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"><img src="article/figure/image?size=inline&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002" alt="thumbnail" class="thumbnail"></a><div class="expand"></div></div><div class="figure-inline-download"> + Download: + <ul><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + PPT + </a></div><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + PowerPoint slide + </a></li><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + PNG + </a></div><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + larger image + </a></li><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + TIFF + </a></div><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + original image + </a></li></ul></div><div class="figcaption"><span>Table 2. </span> Agreement of yolk and serum antibody measurements with different dilutions of yolk.</div><p class="caption_target"></p><p class="caption_object"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002"> + https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t002</a></p></div></div> + +<div id="section3" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec005" name="sec005" class="link-target" title="REV antibody detection in serum and yolk from different SPF chicken populations"></a> +<h3>REV antibody detection in serum and yolk from different SPF chicken populations</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec2.sec3.p1" name="article1.body1.sec2.sec3.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>A total of 1000 yolk samples and 1000 serum samples from 10 different SPF chicken populations were detected for REV antibody. <a href="#pone-0213978-t003">Table 3</a> showed that all samples tested were negative based on yolk and serum antibody detection. Our evaluation results were consistent and without false positive results, indicating that the test SPF chicken populations were not infected by REV.</p> +<a class="link-target" id="pone-0213978-t003" name="pone-0213978-t003"></a><div class="figure" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"><div class="img-box"><a title="Click for larger image" href="article/figure/image?size=medium&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003" data-doi="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978" data-uri="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"><img src="article/figure/image?size=inline&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003" alt="thumbnail" class="thumbnail"></a><div class="expand"></div></div><div class="figure-inline-download"> + Download: + <ul><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + PPT + </a></div><a href="article/figure/powerpoint?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + PowerPoint slide + </a></li><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + PNG + </a></div><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=large&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + larger image + </a></li><li><div class="definition-label"><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + TIFF + </a></div><a href="article/figure/image?download&size=original&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + original image + </a></li></ul></div><div class="figcaption"><span>Table 3. </span> Detection of REV antibody from 10 SPF chicken flocks in China (random collection).</div><p class="caption_target"></p><p class="caption_object"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003"> + https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213978.t003</a></p></div></div> +</div> + +<div id="section3" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec006" name="sec006" data-toc="sec006" class="link-target" title="Discussion"></a><h2>Discussion</h2><a id="article1.body1.sec3.p1" name="article1.body1.sec3.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Recently, epidemiological surveys have shown that different Chinese chicken populations are frequently infected by REV, especially in local Chinese chicken species [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref001" class="ref-tip">1</a>–<a href="#pone.0213978.ref003" class="ref-tip">3</a>]. To control REV infection, many measures have been employed, including the use of attenuated vaccines without REV contamination. In China and other countries, the possibility of REV contamination in attenuated poultry vaccines has been a major concern for many years. Many REV infections are thought to be caused by REV infection in contaminated attenuated vaccines, particularly for the most frequently used fowlpox virus vaccine (FPV) and anti-Marek’s Disease vaccines [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref005" class="ref-tip">5</a>–<a href="#pone.0213978.ref013" class="ref-tip">13</a>]. Additionally, the capability of REV to integrate into the genome of other viruses complicates its diagnosis and prevention [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref014" class="ref-tip">14</a>–<a href="#pone.0213978.ref021" class="ref-tip">21</a>]. Awad <em>et al</em>. detected REV in contaminated FPV vaccine using PCR identification and REV antibody detection for virus isolation and identification in vaccinated SPF chickens[<a href="#pone.0213978.ref007" class="ref-tip">7</a>]. REV contamination in avian attenuated vaccines can lead to serious consequences, such as a significant reduction in antibody levels in vaccine-immunized chicken populations[<a href="#pone.0213978.ref022" class="ref-tip">22</a>].</p> +<a id="article1.body1.sec3.p2" name="article1.body1.sec3.p2" class="link-target"></a><p>The REV contamination in attenuated vaccines may occur during the production process, but the use of REV-contaminated chicken embryos as raw materials is always the main cause. The national standards of China specify that vaccine production enterprises or SPF chicken breeding manufactures must periodically measure REV antibody levels in SPF chicken serum to evaluate the REV cleanliness in specific flocks. Because of differences in SPF chicken breeding environments, other individuals should not be allowed to enter a SPF chicken breeding area for sampling. This current approach causes both stress responses in SPF chickens and introduces the risk of false results for SPF chicken serum tests resulting from the inspection process. Therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture of China asked whether yolk antibody detection in hatching eggs could be used as a substitute for serum antibody detection to evaluate exogenous virus contamination in SPF chicken embryos.</p> +<a id="article1.body1.sec3.p3" name="article1.body1.sec3.p3" class="link-target"></a><p>The yolk dilution has a strong influence on the antibody detection results, as excessive high yolk concentration is prone to yield false negative or false positive results. The results of this present study showed that yolk at a 1:300 dilution gave the best goodness of fit between the antibody-negative or positive results based on yolk or serum antibody detection. To precisely and scientifically reveal the correlation between the yolk and serum antibody detection, we compared REV antibody detection results in the yolk and serum of 72 SPF chickens (40 were inoculated with REV one month prior to egg-laying) for 10 consecutive weeks. We found that for the 72 chickens, serum antibody detection results coincided with yolk antibody results at a rate of 100%. Our findings indicate that it is feasible to replace serum antibody tests with yolk antibody detection to monitor REV infection in SPF chickens.</p> +<a id="article1.body1.sec3.p4" name="article1.body1.sec3.p4" class="link-target"></a><p>At the optimal dilution determined in this study, a total of 1000 yolk samples and 1000 serum samples from 10 separate SPF chicken populations were tested for REV antibodies, and all showed negative results. The results of undetected antibodies showed that these chickens were not infected with REV or that although these chickens were infected with REV, not enough antibodies were detected. In order to avoid the false negative, we consider that chickens repeatedly tested negatively are not infected with REV, which is very important in flock surveillance. Additionally, detection results that used both methods were fully consistent. Importantly, no false positive results were obtained. These robust results indicate that contemporary SPF chicken embryos in China are mostly or fully not contaminated by REV. Our findings suggest that vaccine production enterprises could evaluate the REV cleanliness of SPF chicken farms by detecting antibodies in the yolk of SPF eggs. This process not only reduces the stress responses of SPF chickens during serum sampling and provides convenience for sampling, it also yields more reliable samples. Indeed, compared with serum sample results, hatching egg-based data are less prone to human error.</p> +</div> + +<div id="section4" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec007" name="sec007" data-toc="sec007" class="link-target" title="Materials and methods"></a><h2>Materials and methods</h2> +<div id="section1" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec008" name="sec008" class="link-target" title="REV strain"></a> +<h3>REV strain</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec1.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The strain REV-HA9901 was isolated in 1999 and full-length genomic sequencing had been completed (GenBank Accession No. AY842951) [<a href="#pone.0213978.ref023" class="ref-tip">23</a>]. Supernatants of the pre-frozen virus cells at –80°C were used to calculate TCID<sub>50</sub> by the Karber method; 0.1 mL supernatant of CEF cells contained 10 <sup>4.5</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub>.</p> +</div> + +<div id="section2" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec009" name="sec009" class="link-target" title="Rearing and virus challenge of SPF chickens"></a> +<h3>Rearing and virus challenge of SPF chickens</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec2.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec2.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>A total of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were purchased from SPAFAS Poultry Co., and were reared in HEPA-filtered negative-pressure isolators. At nineteen weeks of age, groups of 13, 14, and 13 chickens were vaccinated with 10<sup>3</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub> HA9901, 10<sup>4</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub> HA9901, and 10<sup>5</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub> of HA9901, respectively. All labeled chickens were separately raised within a single cage in an SPF animal feeding unit so that eggs and serum samples could corresponded 1:1 with chickens. A total of 32 SPF chickens in the same batch were reared in isolation environments as a negative control. All these chickens from each group were sacrificed by intravenous administration of barbiturates. The use of all laboratory animals in this study was approved by the scientific ethical committee of Shandong province.</p> +</div> + +<div id="section3" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec010" name="sec010" class="link-target" title="Determination of the optimal yolk dilution"></a> +<h3>Determination of the optimal yolk dilution</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec3.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec3.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The 40 inoculated SPF chickens all began laying eggs when 23-weeks-old, and the hatching eggs and serum samples were collected from each chicken. Serum samples were diluted to the optimal concentration in accordance with the instructions of the ELISA test kit for REV antibody (IDEXX Company); and yolk samples were diluted to 1:150, 1:200, 1:300, and 1:400. To minimize the possibility of human errors, paired serum and yolk from each chicken were tested using the same kit by the same laboratory staff in simultaneous ELISA experiments with identical conditions. Each sample was tested twice, and if the two values differed greatly the test was repeated. Based on these results, we determined the optimal dilution of yolk at which the detection was in accordance with that determined based on serum antibody detection.</p> +</div> + +<div id="section4" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec011" name="sec011" class="link-target" title="REV antibody detection in serum and yolk among chickens of different ages"></a> +<h3>REV antibody detection in serum and yolk among chickens of different ages</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec4.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec4.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Each week, paired egg and serum samples from each chicken were collected from 72 SPF chickens for 10 weeks from the age of 25 to 34 weeks old. If a chicken did not lay eggs on the blood-collecting day, the egg laid one day before or after the blood collection was used. For REV antibody detection, serum samples were diluted according to the manufacturer’s instructions and yolk samples were diluted in accord with the optimal dilution determined in Section 1.3. To minimize the possibility of human errors, paired serum and yolk from each chicken were tested using the same batch of kits by the same laboratory staff in simultaneous ELISA experiments with identical conditions. Each sample was tested twice, and if the two values differed greatly, tests were repeated. Finally, we compared the “goodness of fit” between the yolk antibody sampled during different stages and serum antibody measurements.</p> +</div> + +<div id="section5" class="section toc-section"><a id="sec012" name="sec012" class="link-target" title="REV antibody detection in the serum and yolk of different SPF chicken populations"></a> +<h3>REV antibody detection in the serum and yolk of different SPF chicken populations</h3> +<a id="article1.body1.sec4.sec5.p1" name="article1.body1.sec4.sec5.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>Paired egg and serum samples from each chicken were sampled from 10 distinct Chinese SPF chicken populations. Serum samples were diluted in accordance with the test kit manufacturer’s instructions (IDEXX Company), and yolk samples were diluted in accordance with the optimal dilution that was determined. We separately estimated the REV cleanliness for different SPF chicken populations based on the two previously described examination methods, and compared differences in the actual operation. To minimize the introduction of human errors, paired serum and yolk samples from a chicken were tested using the same batch of kits by the same laboratory staff in simultaneous ELISA experiments with identical conditions. Each sample was tested twice, and if the two values differed greatly the tests were repeated.</p> +</div> +</div> + + + + + +<div class="section toc-section"><a id="ack" name="ack" data-toc="ack" title="Acknowledgments" class="link-target"></a><h2>Acknowledgments</h2> +<a id="article1.back1.ack1.p1" name="article1.back1.ack1.p1" class="link-target"></a><p>The research was supported by the National Quality Infrastructure of China (2017YFF0210200).</p> +</div><div class="toc-section"><a id="references" name="references" class="link-target" data-toc="references" title="References"></a><h2>References</h2><ol class="references"><li id="ref1"><span class="order">1. + </span><a name="pone.0213978.ref001" id="pone.0213978.ref001" class="link-target"></a>Cheng Z., Shi Y., Zhan L., Zhu G., Diao X. and Cui Z. (2007) Occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis in Chinese partridge. 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