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.. _gpio:
GPIO
====
Each LeafLabs board comes with ready-to-use General Purpose
Input/Output (GPIO) pins, which are numbered starting from zero.
These numbers are listed on your board's silkscreen, next to where the
pin is broken out to a header. Many pins may additionally be used for
special features or peripheral functions.
.. contents:: Contents
:local:
.. _gpio-pin-maps:
Pin Maps
--------
The hardware documentation for your board lists each pin's
capabilities, by pin number:
.. TODO [0.1.0] Uncomment Mini and Native GPIO links
* :ref:`Maple <maple-gpios>`
* :ref:`Maple RET6 Edition <maple-ret6-gpios>`
.. * :ref:`Maple Mini <maple-mini-gpios>`
.. * :ref:`Maple Native <maple-native-gpios>`
The current and voltage limitations were determined using the STM32
datasheets. In particular, only some GPIO pins are **5V tolerant**,
which means that applying 5 volts to a pin and reading it as input or
allowing it to drain to ground will not damage that pin. Connecting a
voltage higher than 3.3V to a non-5V tolerant pin may damage your
board.
.. _gpio-modes:
GPIO Modes
----------
Each of the GPIO pins on a Maple board may be configured using
pinMode() to behave in a number of ways: as a digital output pin,
or as an analog input pin, etc., depending on the particular pin.
A ``WiringPinMode`` value specifies the complete set of possible
configurations; not every pin can have all of these modes. For
example, on the Maple, pin 15 may have mode ``INPUT_ANALOG``, but not
``PWM``. See your :ref:`board's pin maps <gpio-pin-maps>` and its
silkscreen for more information on what functionality is available on
each pin.
.. doxygenenum:: WiringPinMode
Function Reference
------------------
- :ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>`
- :ref:`digitalRead() <lang-digitalread>`
- :ref:`digitalWrite() <lang-digitalwrite>`
- :ref:`analogRead() <lang-analogread>`
- :ref:`pwmWrite() <lang-pwmwrite>` (Maple's equivalent to
``analogWrite()``; see the :ref:`analogWrite() reference
<lang-analogwrite>` for differences from the Arduino version).
.. _gpio-recommended-reading:
Recommended Reading
-------------------
* ST Documentation for the STM32F103 series of microcontrollers:
* `Reference Manual <http://www.st.com/stonline/products/literature/rm/13902.pdf>`_ (pdf)
* `Programming Manual
<http://www.st.com/stonline/products/literature/pm/15491.pdf>`_
(PDF; assembly language and register reference)
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