.. highlight:: sh .. _unix-toolchain: =========================== Unix Toolchain Quickstart =========================== This is a tutorial for using a standard Unix toolchain (``make``, ``gcc``, etc.) with Maple. It's intended for C and C++ programmers who want to use :ref:`libmaple` directly. If you're just beginning, we recommend installing :ref:`Maple IDE ` instead. If you have success on an operating system not covered here, please post in the `forum`_ (or email us at info@leaflabs.com), so we can update this document. .. contents:: Contents :local: Requirements ------------ You need a Maple board, a Mini-B USB cable, and root (or Administrator) access to your computer. We assume you've had success with the IDE on your machine (this is important on Windows, as this document doesn't cover :ref:`driver installation `). On Linux and OS X, some previous experience with editing your shell startup script (.bashrc, .tcshrc, etc.) and using `GCC `_ and `make `_ is recommended. (The Windows instructions are more detailed, since we assume most Windows users will be new to the Unix shell). Setup ----- .. _toolchain-linux-setup: Linux ^^^^^ **1. Collect and Install Tools** First, you'll need some tools. On Debian-based distributions (including Ubuntu):: $ sudo aptitude install build-essential git-core wget screen dfu-util \ openocd python python-serial On Red Hat-based distributions (including Fedora):: $ yum install screen wget git python pyserial dfu-util openocd make On other distributions, you'll need to figure this out for yourself (let us know if you do!). The following are **mandatory**: * `Git `_ is a distributed version control system. We use it to track our source code. * `dfu-util `_ is a tool from the `OpenMoko`_ project. It is used to upload programs to the Maple over USB. * `make `_ is used to direct compilation. * `Python `_ is a programming language. Our reset script, which sends control signals to the board which cause it to to reset and enter the :ref:`bootloader `, is written in Python. (Most Linux distributions these days include Python by default). * `PySerial`_ is a Python library for interacting with serial port devices. It's needed by our reset script. PySerial can also be installed with `easy_install `_. The following are **optional**: * `wget `_ is a tool for downloading files from the command line. You could also pull in the required downloads using a web browser. * `screen `_ is a screen manager we use to connect to serial port devices. Some popular alternatives are Minicom and Kermit. * `openocd `_ is a `JTAG `_ control program. It is used with an ARM JTAG device to do in-circuit debugging (uploading new code, connecting to `GDB `_, etc.). .. _OpenMoko: http://openmoko.com/ **2. Fetch libmaple and Compiler Toolchain** :: $ cd ~ $ git clone git://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple.git libmaple $ cd libmaple $ wget http://static.leaflabs.com/pub/codesourcery/gcc-arm-none-eabi-latest-linux32.tar.gz $ tar xvzf gcc-arm-none-eabi-latest-linux32.tar.gz $ export PATH=$PATH:~/libmaple/arm/bin # or wherever these tools ended up In this step, you make a Git clone of the `libmaple repository `_, then download and extract the ARM compiler toolchain. The directory :file:`arm/bin/` will need to be added to your ``PATH``; you can check that this worked by entering ``arm-none-`` and hitting tab to auto-complete (your shell should show a bunch of results). Regardless of where you put the toolchain, make sure to preserve its internal directory layout. After you're done, you'll probably want to update your shell startup script so :file:`~/libmaple/arm/bin` stays in your ``PATH``. .. _toolchain-udev: **3. Install udev Rules** From the libmaple directory, copy our udev rules to ``/etc/udev/rules.d``:: $ sudo cp support/scripts/45-maple.rules /etc/udev/rules.d/45-maple.rules On Debian, run ``$ groups``. Make sure the output includes "plugdev". If not, add yourself to that group. Then run :: $ sudo restart udev On Red Hat, run :: $ udevadm control --reload-rules As a security precaution on Linux, unknown USB devices can only be accessed by root. This udev script identifies the Maple based on its vendor and product IDs, mounts it to :file:`/dev/maple`, and (on Debian-based distros) grants read/write permissions to the ``plugdev`` group. After restarting ``udev`` you'll need to fully unplug or power cycle any Maples connected to the computer. **So far, so good?** Great! Test your setup by :ref:`compiling a sample program `. .. _toolchain-osx-setup: OS X ^^^^ These instructions have been tested successfully on OS X 10.6.4. **1. Collect and Install Tools** You will need the following tools\ [#fpackman]_ to get started: * `XCode `_: If you're reading this, you've probably already got this. Provides compilers and other basic tools of the trade. While XCode was once free of charge, Apple has since begun charging for it; if you'd rather not pay, you can probably get by with just a `make `_ binary. * `Git `_: All of our code is tracked by a distributed versioning system called Git. A `Mac installer `_ is available. * `dfu-util `_: A tool from `OpenMoko`_ that we use to upload programs to the Maple over USB. If you prefer to compile from source, OpenMoko provides instructions for `building dfu-util on OS X `_. If you're in a hurry, you can use the dfu-util binary bundled with `OpenMoko Flasher `_. To do this, first `download OpenMoko Flasher `_, then move it to your :file:`/Applications` folder (or wherever you like). Let's say you save it as :file:`/Applications/OpenMoko Flasher.app`. Then the ``dfu-util`` binary resides in :file:`/Applications/OpenMoko Flasher.app/Contents/Mac OS/dfu-util` To run it from the command line, make a symbolic link to the binary from some place on your ``PATH``:: $ ln -s /Applications/OpenMoko\ Flasher.app/Contents/Mac\ OS/dfu-util \ /somewhere/on/your/PATH/dfu-util .. note:: Copying the binary won't work, as it relies on dynamically linked libraries found elsewhere in the .app bundle. To make sure this worked, plug in your Maple, put it into :ref:`perpetual bootloader mode ` (press RESET, then quickly press and hold BUT for several seconds), and run :: $ dfu-util -l The output should look like this:: Found DFU: [0x1eaf:0x0003] devnum=0, cfg=0, intf=0, alt=0, name="DFU Program RAM 0x20000C00" Found DFU: [0x1eaf:0x0003] devnum=0, cfg=0, intf=0, alt=1, name="DFU Program FLASH 0x08005000" * `PySerial`_: our reset script (which sends control signals over the USB-serial connection to restart and enter the bootloader) is written in Python, and requires the PySerial library. Download and untar the `latest version `_, then install with :: $ cd /path/to/pyserial-x.y $ python setup.py build $ sudo python setup.py install PySerial is also available via ``easy_install``, so if you're comfortable using that, you could alternatively install it with :: $ easy_install pyserial **2. Fetch libmaple and Compiler Toolchain** You first need to clone libmaple:: $ cd ~ $ git clone git://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple.git Next, `download the cross-compilers `_ you'll use to build libmaple and your own programs. (These are just special-purpose versions of GCC). Let's say you saved these as :file:`~/Downloads/gcc-blah-blah-osx32.tar.gz` You can unpack the archive and let the shell know where everything lives with :: $ cd ~/Downloads $ tar -xvzf gcc-blah-blah-osx32.tar.gz $ mv arm ~/libmaple/arm $ export PATH=$PATH:~/libmaple/arm/bin After that's done, you'll probably want to update your shell startup script so :file:`~/libmaple/arm/bin` stays in your ``PATH``. **So far, so good?** Great! Test your setup by :ref:`compiling a sample program `. .. _toolchain-win-setup: Windows ^^^^^^^ These instructions have been tested successfully on Windows XP SP3. 1. First, you'll need Git, a distributed versioning system we use to track our source code. Follow the steps in `this great guide from GitHub `_. 2. `Install Python `_. Choose the latest **2.7.x version**; Python 3 will not work. 3. `Install PySerial `_. Choose the latest **pyserial-x.y-win32.exe version**; the "py3k" version will not work. 4. Run Git Bash, and get :ref:`libmaple` by typing the following line and hitting return. (Do not type the "$". We put these in to remind you that lines like this are for the Git Bash prompt). :: $ git clone git://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple.git .. note:: Keep the Git Bash window open as you go. You now have the libmaple repository in the folder ``Documents and Settings\``. 5. Download this `archive of the CodeSourcery compiler toolchain `_. When the download finishes, move the file into the libmaple directory. 6. Type these two lines into the Git Bash prompt to go to the libmaple folder and extract the archive:: $ cd libmaple $ tar xzf gcc-arm-none-eabi-latest-win32.tar.gz This will create a folder named "arm" inside the libmaple folder. 7. Now you'll configure your system to use these tools. Type the following lines into the Git Bash prompt. .. warning:: If you've installed Bash on your computer before starting this guide, and have a ~/.bashrc already, these instructions will overwrite it. If that is the case, we assume you know what you're doing, and can modify the shell commands in this step appropriately for your system. If you're using Bash for the first time, don't worry about this warning. :: $ cat >~/.bashrc < export PATH=\$PATH:~/libmaple/arm/bin/ > EOF .. note:: The "> " at the beginning of the second and third lines will appear automatically. In case that's hard to read, the part of the first line between ``cat`` and ``bashrc`` is these five characters: space ( ), right angle bracket (>), tilde (~), forward slash (/), and period (.). For reference, here's a screenshot of what your Git Bash window should look like at this point (the output after the ``git clone`` line will be slightly different): .. _toolchain-git-bash-screenshot: .. figure:: /_static/img/winxp-git-bash-screenshot.png :align: center :alt: Git Bash screenshot 8. Let's check that you completed the previous step correctly. If you did, there should be a file called ".bashrc" (the period is supposed to be there) in the folder ``Documents and Settings\\``. Open this file in Notepad by right clicking on it and selecting "Open With...", like so: .. figure:: /_static/img/winxp-open-bashrc-with.png :align: center :alt: Open .bashrc With Choose "Notepad" from the resulting pop-up window, and click "OK". The Notepad window should look like this: .. figure:: /_static/img/winxp-bashrc-notepad.png :align: center :alt: .bashrc in Notepad The little box at the end of the line is supposed to be there. Close the Notepad window (do not save any changes you may have made by accident). 9. TODO download dfu-util.exe and put it in ``libmaple\arm\bin``. **So far, so good?** Great! Go on to the next section, where you'll compile a program. .. _toolchain-test: Test compilation ---------------- Get back into the libmaple directory (this tutorial assumes you put it in :file:`~/libmaple`) and test that you've installed all the compilation tools correctly (Windows users: use ``cs-make`` instead of ``make``):: $ cd ~/libmaple $ cp main.cpp.example main.cpp $ make clean $ make .. note:: These instructions are for the Maple. If you're compiling for another board, you'll need to set a ``BOARD`` environment variable appropriately. For example, to compile for Maple Mini (in Bash), :: $ export BOARD=maple_mini $ make The ``BOARD`` for Maple RET6 edition is ``maple_RET6``. You can also use :: $ BOARD=maple_mini make This will only set the environment variable for the duration of that single compile. If it all works out, you should end up seeing something like this:: find build -iname *.o | xargs arm-none-eabi-size -t text data bss dec hex filename 482 4 24 510 1fe build/wirish/comm/HardwareSerial.o 260 0 0 260 104 build/wirish/comm/HardwareSPI.o 60 0 0 60 3c build/wirish/wirish.o [...] 2196 0 1 2197 895 build/libmaple/usb/usb_lib/usb_core.o 1904 0 0 1904 770 build/libmaple/usb/usb_lib/usb_regs.o 56 0 0 56 38 build/libmaple/usb/usb_lib/usb_init.o 344 0 0 344 158 build/libmaple/usb/usb_hardware.o 6637 0 58 6695 1a27 build/main.o 21499 201 391 22091 564b (TOTALS) Final Size: arm-none-eabi-size build/maple.out text data bss dec hex filename 21824 200 552 22576 5830 build/maple.out Flash build The ``dec`` field at the end gives the total program size in bytes. The long listing of object files above the ``Final Size`` helps to identify bloated code. As you write larger projects, you may find that they use too much space. If that happens, the file-by-file listing will help you track down the culprits. .. _toolchain-upload: Upload a program ---------------- Let's blow away the little example program and upload the interactive test session to your Maple. This will let you interact with the Maple over a :ref:`USB serial port `. If you're on Linux, then before executing ``make install``, you'll want to have the udev rules setup :ref:`as described above `. Plug in your Maple using the Mini-B USB cable; then run :: $ cd ~/libmaple $ cp examples/test-session.cpp main.cpp $ make clean $ make $ make install A number of things can go wrong at this stage. Simple debugging steps include using :ref:`perpetual bootloader mode `, restarting the Maple a couple times, ``make clean``, etc. If nothing works, the `forum`_ is your friend. .. _toolchain-serialusb: Communicate over USB-Serial --------------------------- Now let's try out the interactive test session. The serial port device file should look something like :file:`/dev/ttyACMXXX` on Linux or :file:`/dev/tty.usbmodemXXX` on OS X, but ``XXX`` will vary depending on your system. Try using one of these to find out which it is:: # Linux $ ls /dev/ttyACM* # OS X $ ls /dev/tty.usbmodem* To open up a session, run :: $ screen /dev/ttyXXX If the interactive test program built and uploaded correctly, ``screen`` won't report any errors, and will present you an empty terminal. Your board is now waiting for you to send it a command. Type ``h`` to print a list of commands which demonstrate various features; type any command's letter to run it. To exit the screen session, type :kbd:`C-a C-\\` (control-a, followed by control-backslash) on Mac, or :kbd:`C-a k` (control-a k) on Linux, and type ``y`` when prompted if you're sure. .. note:: Using ``screen`` sometimes messes up your terminal session on OS X. If your shell starts acting funny after you exit ``screen``, you should be able to fix it with :: $ reset && clear If that doesn't work, just close the Terminal window and open up a new one. .. _toolchain-projects: Start your own project ---------------------- So everything worked, and you want to start your own project? Great! There are two ways to go about it. If your project is small, all you have to do is replace :file:`~/libmaple/main.cpp` with your own code, and you're free to use ``make`` and ``make install`` in the same way you did when you first :ref:`uploaded a program `. If you have a more complicated project, with its own Makefile and multiple source files, or if you're using an IDE that creates its own Makefile, you'll probably want to load libmaple from an archive (a build-time library, not a DLL). To create an archive, use the ``library`` Makefile target:: $ cd ~/libmaple $ make library This will produce a build-time library in the file :file:`~/libmaple/build/libmaple.a`. To use it, make sure that you link against that library, and that the libmaple sources are in your include path. At a minimum, your include path should contain the directories :file:`~/libmaple/libmaple` and :file:`~/libmaple/wirish/`. If you want to use one of the officially supported :ref:`libraries `, those live under :file:`~/libmaple/libraries/`. The main include file for the Wirish library is :file:`~/libmaple/wirish/wirish.h`. Get updates ----------- We update libmaple fairly frequently with bugfixes and other improvements. In order get access to these in your local copy of the repository, you should periodically update it with:: $ cd ~/libmaple $ git pull We keep releases of libmaple and the Maple IDE in lockstep, so any IDE updates will have corresponding library updates. Our `blog `_ is the place to watch for major releases; an `RSS feed `_ is available. You can sign up for a free `GitHub `_ account and `watch libmaple `_ to receive notifications about bleeding-edge development. .. _toolchain-openocd: Debug with OpenOCD ------------------ TODO. For now see `this great guide `_ from fun-tech.se, and the ``jtag`` Makefile target. There is also a `JTAG How-To `_ page on our `wiki `_ which you may find useful. .. _toolchain-exuberantly: Go forth exuberantly! --------------------- Let us know what you come up with! Mention `@leaflabs on Twitter `_, post in the `forum`_, join the the #leafblowers IRC channel on `freenode `_, whatever. We love projects! .. _PySerial: http://pyserial.sourceforge.net/ .. rubric:: Footnotes .. [#fpackman] Some of these software packages might be available on `MacPorts `_ or `Homebrew `_. The author had some bad experiences with MacPorts a few years ago, though, and hasn't touched a package manager on OS X since. Of course, your mileage may vary.