.. highlight:: sh .. _unix-toolchain: =========================== Unix Toolchain Quickstart =========================== This is a tutorial for using the Maple with a standard Unix toolchain. It's not necessary to do this in order to program the Maple; you can always use our `IDE `_ instead. You'll need a Maple board, a mini-b USB cable, a functional computer, and root access to that computer. This guide assumes you've had success with the IDE on your machine and that you are fairly comfortable with the Unix command line; some previous experience with editing your shell startup script (.bashrc, .tcshrc, etc.) and using `make `_ is recommended. For generic installation/setup issues, the `IDE install `_ and :ref:`troubleshooting` pages may be helpful. If all else fails, try our `forum`_, or `contact us directly`_\ ! We currently have instructions for 32- and 64-bit Linux and OS X Snow Leopard. If you're on another Unix platform, Windows, or an earlier version of OS X, we're guessing that you can translate/port these directions on your own. As a jumping off point, you might want to begin with these `stripped down distributions `_ of the `CodeSourcery GCC compiler tools `_ (including win32 versions). If you do have success on other platforms, please post in the forums, so we can fold your tips into this document! .. contents:: Contents :local: .. _toolchain-linux-setup: Setup ----- Linux ^^^^^ These instructions are oriented towards Linux users using a contemporary Debian-based distribution. **1. Collect and Install Tools** First I'll give the commands to run, then explain:: $ sudo aptitude install build-essential git-core wget screen dfu-util \ openocd python python-serial You'll want to install a bunch of developer "basics" like :command:`make`, :command:`tar`, etc. A good catch-all for these tools is the "build-essential" meta-package on most Debian platforms: installing this fake package will pull in dozens of useful tools without bogging your system down too much. ``git-core`` is the name of the git package; `Git `_ is a distributed code versioning system we use to track changes in our source code. :command:`wget` is a simple tool to download files over http from the command line, and is optional (you could pull in the required downloads using a browser). :command:`screen` is a really cool virtual terminal program; in the context of Maple, we use it to connect to serial port devices. :command:`dfu-util` is a tool from the `OpenMoko`_ project that we use to upload programs to the Maple over USB. .. _OpenMoko: http://openmoko.com/ :command:`openocd` is a `JTAG `_ control program used in conjunction with an ARM JTAG device to do in circuit debugging (pause/resume program execution, upload and download code, read out register status, etc). (optional) Lastly, our reset script (which sends control signals over the USB-serial connection to restart and enter the bootloader) is written in Python and requires the `PySerial `_ library (the ``python-serial`` package; this could also be installed with `easy_install `_). **2. Fetch libmaple and Compiler Toolchain** :: $ cd ~ $ git clone git://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple.git libmaple $ cd libmaple $ wget http://static.leaflabs.com/pub/codesourcery/gcc-arm-none-eabi-latest-linux32.tar.gz $ tar xvf gcc-arm-none-eabi-latest-linux32.tar.gz $ export PATH=$PATH:~/libmaple/arm/bin # or wherever these tools ended up This step is fairly straightforward: do a git clone of the `libmaple repository `_ to some directory, then download and extract the ARM compiler toolchain. The :file:`arm/bin/` directory will need to be added to ``PATH``; you can check that this worked by entering ``arm-none-`` and hitting tab to auto-complete (bash should show a bunch of results). Regardless of where you put the toolchain, make sure to preserve its internal directory layout, as the binaries make relative path calls and references. After you're done, you'll probably want to update your shell startup script so :file:`~/libmaple/arm/bin` stays in your ``PATH``. .. _toolchain-udev: **3. Install udev Rules** From the libmaple directory, :: $ groups # make sure it includes plugdev; if not add, yourself to it $ sudo cp support/scripts/45-maple.rules /etc/udev/rules.d/45-maple.rules $ sudo /etc/init.d/udev restart As a security precaution on linux, unknown USB devices can only be accessed by the superuser. This udev script identifies the Maple based on its vendor and product IDs, mounts it to :file:`/dev/maple`, and grants read/write permissions to the ``plugdev`` group. After restarting :command:`udev` you'll need to fully unplug or power cycle any Maples connected to the computer. **So far, so good?** Great! Test your setup by :ref:`compiling a sample program `. .. _toolchain-osx-setup: OS X ^^^^ These instructions have been tested successfully on OS X 10.6.4. As stated previously, this document assumes a general level of Unix aptitude on the part of the reader; if you're uncomfortable using Terminal (or if you don't know what that means), then you should probably stick with using the `Maple IDE `_ to develop programs. **1. Collect and Install Tools** You will need the following tools\ [#fmacports]_ to get started: 1. `XCode `_: If you're reading this, you've probably already got this. Provides compilers and other basic tools of the trade. It's a free download, but requires registration (gross, we know). 2. `Git `_: All of our code is tracked by a distributed versioning system called git. A `Mac installer `_ is available. 3. :command:`dfu-util`: A tool from `OpenMoko`_ that we use to upload programs to the Maple over USB. If you're feeling masochistic, there are instructions for `building dfu-util from source `_. However, if you've got better things to do, you can steal a dfu-util binary from a program called `Openmoko Flasher `_. To do this, first `download Openmoko Flasher `_, then copy the .app into your :file:`/Applications` folder (or wherever you like). Let's pretend you saved the .app to the directory :file:`/Applications/OpenMoko Flasher.app` Then the :command:`dfu-util` binary resides in :file:`/Applications/OpenMoko Flasher.app/Contents/Mac OS/dfu-util` To get access to it from the command line, just make a symbolic link to the binary from some place on your ``PATH``:: $ ln -s /Applications/OpenMoko\ Flasher.app/Contents/Mac\ OS/dfu-util \ /somewhere/on/your/PATH/dfu-util .. note:: Just copying the binary somewhere doesn't work, as it relies on dynamically linked libraries found elsewhere in the .app bundle. It's possible to pull just the relevant pieces out of the .app, but you're on your own. To make sure this worked, try plugging in your Maple, making sure it's in bootloader mode (you can do this by pressing RESET, then quickly pressing BUT and holding it for several seconds), then running :: $ dfu-util -l If you see some lines that look like :: Found DFU: [0x1eaf:0x0003] devnum=0, cfg=0, intf=0, alt=0, name="DFU Program RAM 0x20000C00" Found DFU: [0x1eaf:0x0003] devnum=0, cfg=0, intf=0, alt=1, name="DFU Program FLASH 0x08005000" then you're all set. 4. PySerial: our reset script (which sends control signals over the USB-serial connection to restart and enter the bootloader) is written in Python and requires the `PySerial `_ library. Download the `latest version `_. After you download and untar, install it with :: $ cd /path/to/pyserial-x.y $ python setup.py build $ sudo python setup.py install The package is also available via :command:`easy_install`, so if you're comfortable using that, you could also install it with :: $ easy_install pyserial **2. Fetch libmaple and Compiler Toolchain** You first need to clone libmaple:: $ cd ~ $ git clone git://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple.git libmaple Then you need to get the cross-compilers we use to build a project. These are just modified versions of GCC; you can `download them for OS X here `_. Assuming you saved this file to :file:`~/Downloads/gcc-blah-blah-osx32.tar.gz` you can then unpack the archive and let OS X know where the compilers live with :: $ cd ~/Downloads $ tar -xvzf gcc-blah-blah-macosx32.tar.gz $ mv arm ~/libmaple/arm $ export PATH=$PATH:~/libmaple/arm/bin After that's done, you'll probably want to update your shell startup script so :file:`~/libmaple/arm/bin` stays in your ``PATH``. **So far, so good?** Great! Go on to the next section, where you test everything out. .. _toolchain-test: Test compilation ---------------- Get back into the libmaple directory (this tutorial assumes you put it in :file:`~/libmaple`) and test that you've installed all the compilation tools correctly:: $ cd ~/libmaple $ cp main.cpp.example main.cpp $ make clean $ make If it all works out, you should end up seeing something like this:: find build -iname *.o | xargs arm-none-eabi-size -t text data bss dec hex filename 482 4 24 510 1fe build/wirish/comm/HardwareSerial.o 260 0 0 260 104 build/wirish/comm/HardwareSPI.o 60 0 0 60 3c build/wirish/wirish.o [...] 2196 0 1 2197 895 build/libmaple/usb/usb_lib/usb_core.o 1904 0 0 1904 770 build/libmaple/usb/usb_lib/usb_regs.o 56 0 0 56 38 build/libmaple/usb/usb_lib/usb_init.o 344 0 0 344 158 build/libmaple/usb/usb_hardware.o 6637 0 58 6695 1a27 build/main.o 21499 201 391 22091 564b (TOTALS) Final Size: arm-none-eabi-size build/maple.out text data bss dec hex filename 21824 200 552 22576 5830 build/maple.out Flash build Woo! It worked. The ``dec`` field at the end gives the total program size in bytes. The long listing of object files above the ``Final Size`` helps to identify bloated code. As you write larger projects, you may find that they use too much space. If that happens, the file-by-file listing will help you track down the fatties porking up your program. .. _toolchain-upload: Upload a program ---------------- Ok, let's blow away the little example program and upload the interactive test session to your Maple. This will let you interact textually with the Maple via USB-serial. If you're on Linux, then before executing :command:`make install`, you'll want to have the udev rules setup :ref:`as described above `. Plug in your Maple using the mini-b USB cable; then run :: $ cd ~/libmaple $ cp examples/test-session.cpp main.cpp $ make clean $ make $ make install A number of things can go wrong at this stage. Simple debugging steps include using :ref:`perpetual bootloader mode `, restarting the Maple a couple times, :command:`make clean`, etc. If nothing works, the `forum`_ is your friend. .. _toolchain-serialusb: Communicate over USB-serial interface ------------------------------------- Okay, now that we've flashed the interactive test session to the Maple, let's test it out. The device for the maple should look something like :file:`/dev/ttyACMXXX` on Linux or :file:`/dev/tty.usbmodemXXX` on OS X, but it might have a slightly different name on your system. To open up a session, run :: $ screen /dev/tty-whatever-it-is If the interactive test program built and uploaded correctly, you should be able to connect without any errors reported by :command:`screen`. Type ``h`` or hit the space bar to get a response; there are a number of commands which demonstrate Maple peripheral features. As of October 2010, the HardwareSerial library is blocking, so using any commands which would write to the USART Serial ports will cause the program to hang. To exit the screen session, type :kbd:`C-a C-\\` (control-a, followed by control-backslash), and type ``y`` when prompted if you're sure. Using :command:`screen` in this way sometimes messes up your session. If your shell starts acting up after you exit screen, you should be able to fix it with :: $ reset && clear .. _toolchain-projects: Starting your own projects -------------------------- .. TODO fix the build-targets.mk mess, note the "library" target So everything worked, and you want to start your own project? Great! It's easy. Just set the environment variable ``LIB_MAPLE_HOME`` in your shell startup script to point to the libmaple repository you cloned (this tutorial assumes you put it in :file:`~/libmaple`). For example, if you use bash as your shell, just put this line in your :file:`~/.bashrc` or :file:`~/.bash_profile`:: export LIB_MAPLE_HOME=~/libmaple Now, in order to start your own projects, just grab a copy of the :file:`Makefile` and skeleton :file:`main.cpp` we provided in the libmaple repository, and you're good to go:: $ cd $ mkdir my-awesome-project $ cp ~/libmaple/Makefile ~/libmaple/build-targets.mk my-awesome-project $ cp ~/libmaple/main.cpp.example my-awesome-project/main.cpp (TEMPORARY: The file :file:`build-targets.mk` is where the rule to build the object file for :file:`main.cpp` lives. If you have multiple source files, you'll probably need to look at it and edit as appropriate. We're sorry about that and will update the Makefile structure later to remove this pain point.) Then hack away! You can :command:`make`, :command:`make clean`, and :command:`make install` from your new directory :file:`my-awesome-project` just like you did in the libmaple repository. .. note:: We update the libmaple repository fairly frequently with bugfixes and other improvements. In order get access to these in your local copy of the repository, you should periodically update it with:: $ cd $LIB_MAPLE_HOME $ git pull The `commits page `_ for the github repository is a good place to watch for bleeding-edge updates; our `blog `_ is the place to watch for major releases. We keep releases of libmaple and the Maple IDE in lockstep, so any IDE updates will have corresponding library updates. .. _toolchain-openocd: Debug with OpenOCD ------------------ TODO. For now see `this great guide `_ from fun-tech.se, and the ``jtag`` Makefile target. .. _toolchain-exuberantly: Go forth exuberantly! --------------------- Let us know what you come up with! Use #leaflabs on Twitter, post in the `forum`_, track us down in the real world, whatever. We love projects! .. rubric:: Footnotes .. [#fmacports] Some of these software packages might be available on `MacPorts `_. The author had some bad experiences with MacPorts a few years ago, though, and hasn't touched it since. Of course, your mileage may vary.