From d74098913a9ff210b3f53e6881a38c864892c6af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marti Bolivar Date: Thu, 7 Apr 2011 22:23:01 -0400 Subject: DMA checkpoint; dma_attach_interrupt() is broken. Simple USART receiver to SRAM buffer demo partially working. Interrupting when buffer is full fails mysteriously. GDB thinks we ended up in an STM32 reserved exception. --- libmaple/dma.h | 445 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 383 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) (limited to 'libmaple/dma.h') diff --git a/libmaple/dma.h b/libmaple/dma.h index 3417f02..c763672 100644 --- a/libmaple/dma.h +++ b/libmaple/dma.h @@ -23,97 +23,418 @@ *****************************************************************************/ /** - * @file dma.h + * @file dma.h * - * @brief Direct Memory Access peripheral support + * @author Marti Bolivar ; + * Original implementation by Michael Hope * - * TODO: add DMA2 support for high-density devices. + * @brief Direct Memory Access peripheral support + */ + +/* + * See /notes/dma.txt for more information. */ #ifndef _DMA_H_ #define _DMA_H_ #include "libmaple_types.h" +#include "rcc.h" +#include "nvic.h" #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C"{ #endif -/** Base address of the DMA1 peripheral */ -#define DMA1_BASE 0x40020000 -/** DMA Interrupt Status Register */ -#define DMA1_ISR (DMA1_BASE + 0x00) -/** DMA Interrupt Flag Clear Register */ -#define DMA1_IFCR (DMA1_BASE + 0x04) -/** DMA Channel Configuration Register */ -#define DMA1_CCR1 (DMA1_BASE + 0x08) -/** DMA Channel Number of Data Register */ -#define DMA1_CNDTR1 (DMA1_BASE + 0x0C) -/** DMA Channel Peripheral Address Register */ -#define DMA1_CPAR1 (DMA1_BASE + 0x10) -/** DMA Channel Memory Address Register */ -#define DMA1_CMAR1 (DMA1_BASE + 0x14) -/** Spacing between channel registers */ -#define DMA_CHANNEL_STRIDE 20 +/* + * Register maps + */ + +/** + * @brief DMA register map type. + * + * Note that DMA controller 2 (register map base pointer DMA2_BASE) + * only supports channels 1--5. + */ +typedef struct dma_reg_map { + __io uint32 ISR; /**< Interrupt status register */ + __io uint32 IFCR; /**< Interrupt flag clear register */ + __io uint32 CCR1; /**< Channel 1 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR1; /**< Channel 1 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR1; /**< Channel 1 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR1; /**< Channel 1 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED1; /**< Reserved. */ + __io uint32 CCR2; /**< Channel 2 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR2; /**< Channel 2 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR2; /**< Channel 2 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR2; /**< Channel 2 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED2; /**< Reserved. */ + __io uint32 CCR3; /**< Channel 3 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR3; /**< Channel 3 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR3; /**< Channel 3 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR3; /**< Channel 3 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED3; /**< Reserved. */ + __io uint32 CCR4; /**< Channel 4 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR4; /**< Channel 4 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR4; /**< Channel 4 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR4; /**< Channel 4 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED4; /**< Reserved. */ + __io uint32 CCR5; /**< Channel 5 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR5; /**< Channel 5 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR5; /**< Channel 5 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR5; /**< Channel 5 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED5; /**< Reserved. */ + __io uint32 CCR6; /**< Channel 6 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR6; /**< Channel 6 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR6; /**< Channel 6 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR6; /**< Channel 6 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED6; /**< Reserved. */ + __io uint32 CCR7; /**< Channel 7 configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR7; /**< Channel 7 number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR7; /**< Channel 7 peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR7; /**< Channel 7 memory address register */ + const uint32 RESERVED7; /**< Reserved. */ +} dma_reg_map; + +/** DMA controller 1 register map base pointer */ +#define DMA1_BASE ((struct dma_reg_map*)0x40020000) + +#ifdef STM32_HIGH_DENSITY +/** DMA controller 2 register map base pointer */ +#define DMA2_BASE ((struct dma_reg_map*)0x40020400) +#endif + +/* + * Register bit definitions + */ + +/* Interrupt status register */ + +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF7_BIT 27 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF7_BIT 26 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF7_BIT 25 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF7_BIT 24 +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF6_BIT 23 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF6_BIT 22 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF6_BIT 21 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF6_BIT 20 +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF5_BIT 19 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF5_BIT 18 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF5_BIT 17 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF5_BIT 16 +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF4_BIT 15 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF4_BIT 14 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF4_BIT 13 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF4_BIT 12 +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF3_BIT 11 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF3_BIT 10 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF3_BIT 9 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF3_BIT 8 +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF2_BIT 7 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF2_BIT 6 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF2_BIT 5 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF2_BIT 4 +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF1_BIT 3 +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF1_BIT 2 +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF1_BIT 1 +#define DMA_ISR_GIF1_BIT 0 + +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF7 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF7 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF7 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF7 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF6 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF6 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF6 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF6 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF5 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF5 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF5 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF5 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF4 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF4 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF4 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF4 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF3 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF3 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF3 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF3 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF2 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF2 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF2 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF2 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TEIF1 BIT(DMA_ISR_TEIF1_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_HTIF1 BIT(DMA_ISR_HTIF1_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_TCIF1 BIT(DMA_ISR_TCIF1_BIT) +#define DMA_ISR_GIF1 BIT(DMA_ISR_GIF1_BIT) + +/* Interrupt flag clear register */ + +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF7_BIT 27 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF7_BIT 26 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF7_BIT 25 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF7_BIT 24 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF6_BIT 23 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF6_BIT 22 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF6_BIT 21 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF6_BIT 20 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF5_BIT 19 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF5_BIT 18 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF5_BIT 17 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF5_BIT 16 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF4_BIT 15 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF4_BIT 14 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF4_BIT 13 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF4_BIT 12 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF3_BIT 11 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF3_BIT 10 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF3_BIT 9 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF3_BIT 8 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF2_BIT 7 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF2_BIT 6 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF2_BIT 5 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF2_BIT 4 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF1_BIT 3 +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF1_BIT 2 +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF1_BIT 1 +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF1_BIT 0 + +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF7 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF7 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF7 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF7 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF7_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF6 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF6 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF6 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF6 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF6_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF5 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF5 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF5 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF5 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF5_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF4 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF4 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF4 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF4 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF4_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF3 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF3 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF3 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF3 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF3_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF2 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF2 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF2 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF2 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF2_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTEIF1 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTEIF1_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CHTIF1 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CHTIF1_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CTCIF1 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CTCIF1_BIT) +#define DMA_IFCR_CGIF1 BIT(DMA_IFCR_CGIF1_BIT) + +/* Channel configuration register */ + +#define DMA_CCR_MEM2MEM_BIT 14 +#define DMA_CCR_MINC_BIT 7 +#define DMA_CCR_PINC_BIT 6 +#define DMA_CCR_CIRC_BIT 5 +#define DMA_CCR_DIR_BIT 4 +#define DMA_CCR_TEIE_BIT 3 +#define DMA_CCR_HTIE_BIT 2 +#define DMA_CCR_TCIE_BIT 1 +#define DMA_CCR_EN_BIT 0 + +#define DMA_CCR_MEM2MEM BIT(DMA_CCR_MEM2MEM_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_PL (0x3 << 12) +#define DMA_CCR_PL_LOW (0x0 << 12) +#define DMA_CCR_PL_MEDIUM (0x1 << 12) +#define DMA_CCR_PL_HIGH (0x2 << 12) +#define DMA_CCR_PL_VERY_HIGH (0x3 << 12) +#define DMA_CCR_MSIZE (0x3 << 10) +#define DMA_CCR_MSIZE_8BITS (0x0 << 10) +#define DMA_CCR_MSIZE_16BITS (0x1 << 10) +#define DMA_CCR_MSIZE_32BITS (0x2 << 10) +#define DMA_CCR_PSIZE (0x3 << 8) +#define DMA_CCR_PSIZE_8BITS (0x0 << 8) +#define DMA_CCR_PSIZE_16BITS (0x1 << 8) +#define DMA_CCR_PSIZE_32BITS (0x2 << 8) +#define DMA_CCR_MINC BIT(DMA_CCR_MINC_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_PINC BIT(DMA_CCR_PINC_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_CIRC BIT(DMA_CCR_CIRC_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_DIR BIT(DMA_CCR_DIR_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_TEIE BIT(DMA_CCR_TEIE_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_HTIE BIT(DMA_CCR_HTIE_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_TCIE BIT(DMA_CCR_TCIE_BIT) +#define DMA_CCR_EN BIT(DMA_CCR_EN_BIT) + +/* + * Devices + */ + +/** Encapsulates state related to a DMA channel interrupt. */ +typedef struct dma_handler_config { + void (*handler)(void); + nvic_irq_num irq_line; +} dma_handler_config; + +/** DMA device type */ +typedef struct dma_dev { + dma_reg_map *regs; /**< Register map */ + rcc_clk_id clk_id; /**< Clock ID */ + dma_handler_config handlers[]; /**< IRQ handlers and NVIC numbers. */ +} dma_dev; + +/** DMA1 device */ +extern dma_dev *DMA1; +#ifdef STM32_HIGH_DENSITY +/** DMA2 device */ +extern dma_dev *DMA2; +#endif + +/* + * Convenience functions + */ + +void dma_init(dma_dev *dev); /** Flags for DMA transfer configuration. */ typedef enum dma_mode_flags { - DMA_MINC_MODE = 1 << 7, /**< Auto-increment memory address */ - DMA_PINC_MODE = 1 << 6, /**< Auto-increment peripheral address */ - DMA_CIRC_MODE = 1 << 5, /**< Circular mode */ - DMA_FROM_MEM = 1 << 4, /**< Read from memory to peripheral */ - DMA_TRNS_ERR = 1 << 3, /**< Interrupt on transfer error */ - DMA_HALF_TRNS = 1 << 2, /**< Interrupt on half-transfer */ - DMA_TRNS_CMPLT = 1 << 1 /**< Interrupt on transfer completion */ + DMA_MEM_2_MEM = 1 << 14, /**< Memory to memory mode */ + DMA_MINC_MODE = 1 << 7, /**< Auto-increment memory address */ + DMA_PINC_MODE = 1 << 6, /**< Auto-increment peripheral address */ + DMA_CIRC_MODE = 1 << 5, /**< Circular mode */ + DMA_FROM_MEM = 1 << 4, /**< Read from memory to peripheral */ + DMA_TRNS_ERR = 1 << 3, /**< Interrupt on transfer error */ + DMA_HALF_TRNS = 1 << 2, /**< Interrupt on half-transfer */ + DMA_TRNS_CMPLT = 1 << 1 /**< Interrupt on transfer completion */ } dma_mode_flags; /** Source and destination transfer sizes. */ -typedef enum dma_transfer_size { - DMA_SIZE_8BITS = 0, - DMA_SIZE_16BITS = 1, - DMA_SIZE_32BITS = 2 -} dma_transfer_size; +typedef enum dma_xfer_size { + DMA_SIZE_8BITS = 0, /**< 8-bit transfers */ + DMA_SIZE_16BITS = 1, /**< 16-bit transfers */ + DMA_SIZE_32BITS = 2 /**< 32-bit transfers */ +} dma_xfer_size; + +/** DMA channel */ +typedef enum dma_channel { + DMA_CH1 = 1, /**< Channel 1 */ + DMA_CH2 = 2, /**< Channel 2 */ + DMA_CH3 = 3, /**< Channel 3 */ + DMA_CH4 = 4, /**< Channel 4 */ + DMA_CH5 = 5, /**< Channel 5 */ + DMA_CH6 = 6, /**< Channel 6 */ + DMA_CH7 = 7, /**< Channel 7 */ +} dma_channel; + +void dma_setup_transfer(dma_dev *dev, + dma_channel channel, + __io void *peripheral_address, + dma_xfer_size peripheral_size, + __io void *memory_address, + dma_xfer_size memory_size, + uint32 mode); + +void dma_set_num_transfers(dma_dev *dev, + dma_channel channel, + uint16 num_transfers); + +/** DMA transfer priority. */ +typedef enum dma_priority { + DMA_PRIORITY_LOW = DMA_CCR_PL_LOW, /**< Low priority */ + DMA_PRIORITY_MEDIUM = DMA_CCR_PL_MEDIUM, /**< Medium priority */ + DMA_PRIORITY_HIGH = DMA_CCR_PL_HIGH, /**< High priority */ + DMA_PRIORITY_VERY_HIGH = DMA_CCR_PL_VERY_HIGH /**< Very high priority */ +} dma_priority; + +void dma_set_priority(dma_dev *dev, + dma_channel channel, + dma_priority priority); + +void dma_attach_interrupt(dma_dev *dev, + dma_channel channel, + void (*handler)(void)); +void dma_detach_interrupt(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel); + +/** + * Encodes the reason why a DMA interrupt was called. + * @see dma_get_irq_cause() + */ +typedef enum dma_irq_cause { + DMA_TRANSFER_COMPLETE, /**< Transfer is complete. */ + DMA_TRANSFER_HALF_COMPLETE, /**< Transfer is half complete. */ + DMA_TRANSFER_ERROR, /**< Error occurred during transfer. */ +} dma_irq_cause; + +dma_irq_cause dma_get_irq_cause(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel); + +void dma_enable(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel); +void dma_disable(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel); + +void dma_set_mem_addr(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel, __io void *address); +void dma_set_per_addr(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel, __io void *address); /** - * Initialize a DMA channel. If desired, attach an interrupt handler - * using dma_attach_interrupt(). Start the transfer using - * dma_start(). + * @brief DMA channel register map type. * - * @param channel the channel number (1..7) - * @param paddr address of the peripheral - * @param psize peripheral size - * @param msize memory size - * @param mode OR of the dma_mode_flags - * @see dma_mode_flags - * @see dma_attach_interrupt() - * @see dma_start() */ -void dma_init(uint8 channel, volatile void *paddr, - dma_transfer_size psize, dma_transfer_size msize, - int mode); + * Provides access to an individual channel's registers. + */ +typedef struct dma_channel_reg_map { + __io uint32 CCR; /**< Channel configuration register */ + __io uint32 CNDTR; /**< Channel number of data register */ + __io uint32 CPAR; /**< Channel peripheral address register */ + __io uint32 CMAR; /**< Channel memory address register */ +} dma_channel_reg_map; + +#define DMA_CHANNEL_NREGS 5 /** - * Begin a DMA transfer initialized with dma_init(). + * @brief Obtain a pointer to an individual DMA channel's registers. * - * @param channel Channel transfer to start. - * @param buffer Buffer to write to (unless DMA_FROM_MEM was set in - * mode argument to dma_init(), in which case, buffer - * to read from). This must be aligned with msize - * argument to dma_init(). - * @param count Number of elements to transfer. - * @see dma_init() */ -void dma_start(uint8 channel, volatile void *buffer, uint16 count); + * For example, dma_channel_regs(DMA1, DMA_CH1)->CCR is DMA1_BASE->CCR1. + * + * @param dev DMA device + * @param channel DMA channel whose channel register map to obtain. + */ +static inline dma_channel_reg_map* dma_channel_regs(dma_dev *dev, + dma_channel channel) { + __io uint32 *ccr1 = &dev->regs->CCR1; + return (dma_channel_reg_map*)(ccr1 + DMA_CHANNEL_NREGS * (channel - 1)); +} + +/** + * @brief Check if a DMA channel is enabled + * @param dev DMA device + * @param channel Channel whose enabled bit to check. + */ +static inline uint8 dma_is_channel_enabled(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel) { + return (uint8)(dma_channel_regs(dev, channel)->CCR & DMA_CCR_EN); +} /** - * Attach an interrupt handler for the given DMA channel. - * @param channel DMA channel (1..7) - * @param handler Interrupt handler to attach - * @see voidFuncPtr */ -void dma_attach_interrupt(uint8 channel, voidFuncPtr handler); + * @brief Get the ISR status bits for a DMA channel. + * + * The bits are returned right-aligned, in the following order: + * transfer error flag, half-transfer flag, transfer complete flag, + * global interrupt flag. + * + * If you're attempting to figure out why a DMA interrupt fired; you + * may find dma_get_irq_cause() more convenient. + * + * @see dma_get_irq_cause(). + */ +static inline uint8 dma_get_isr_bits(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel) { + uint8 shift = (channel - 1) * 4; + return (dev->regs->ISR >> shift) & 0xF; +} /** - * Detach any handler associated with the given DMA channel. - * @param channel Channel whose interrupt handler to detach. */ -void dma_detach_interrupt(uint8 channel); + * @brief Clear the ISR status bits for a given DMA channel. + * + * If you're attempting to clean up after yourself in a DMA interrupt, + * you may find dma_get_irq_cause() more convenient. + * + * @see dma_get_irq_cause() + */ +static inline void dma_clear_isr_bits(dma_dev *dev, dma_channel channel) { + dev->regs->IFCR = BIT(4 * (channel - 1)); +} #ifdef __cplusplus } // extern "C" -- cgit v1.2.3