From 8863418f0595c8dfd7d01081be941541539827bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marti Bolivar <mbolivar@leaflabs.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Mar 2011 20:25:26 -0500
Subject: Brought examples/ up to date; PIN_MAP bugfix for D24.

(Cherry-pick from refactor with some modifications).
---
 examples/blinky.cpp            |   6 +-
 examples/debug-dtrrts.cpp      |  23 ++---
 examples/qa-slave-shield.cpp   |  66 ++++++++-----
 examples/spi_master.cpp        |   7 +-
 examples/test-dac.cpp          |   4 -
 examples/test-serial-flush.cpp |  18 +---
 examples/test-serialusb.cpp    |  74 +++++++-------
 examples/test-session.cpp      | 137 +++++++++++++++-----------
 examples/test-systick.cpp      |  50 +++++-----
 examples/test-timers.cpp       |  68 ++++++-------
 examples/vga-leaf.cpp          | 162 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 examples/vga-scope.cpp         | 212 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 12 files changed, 473 insertions(+), 354 deletions(-)

(limited to 'examples')

diff --git a/examples/blinky.cpp b/examples/blinky.cpp
index 5611987..209a6e6 100644
--- a/examples/blinky.cpp
+++ b/examples/blinky.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Blinks the LED, pin 13
+// Blinks the built-in LED
 
 #include "wirish.h"
 
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ void loop() {
 }
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/debug-dtrrts.cpp b/examples/debug-dtrrts.cpp
index f9f8b96..61c061a 100644
--- a/examples/debug-dtrrts.cpp
+++ b/examples/debug-dtrrts.cpp
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-// Sample main.cpp file. Blinks an LED, sends a message out USART2
-// and turns on PWM on pin 2
+// Test sketch for figuring out DTR/RTS behavior on different platforms.
 
 #include "wirish.h"
 #include "usb.h"
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
-#define PWM_PIN  2
+#define LED_PIN BOARD_LED_PIN
+#define PWM_PIN 2
 
-void setup()
-{
+void setup() {
     /* Set up the LED to blink  */
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
 
@@ -18,12 +16,10 @@ void setup()
 
 }
 
-int toggle = 0;
-
 void loop() {
-    toggle ^= 1;
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, toggle);
+    toggleLED();
     delay(100);
+
     Serial2.print("DTR: ");
     Serial2.print(usbGetDTR(), DEC);
     Serial2.print("\tRTS: ");
@@ -31,13 +27,12 @@ void loop() {
 }
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/qa-slave-shield.cpp b/examples/qa-slave-shield.cpp
index b395cca..5ca451d 100644
--- a/examples/qa-slave-shield.cpp
+++ b/examples/qa-slave-shield.cpp
@@ -1,50 +1,72 @@
-// slave mode for QA shield
+// Slave mode for QA shield
 
 #include "wirish.h"
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
-#define NUM_GPIO 38 // not the number of the max...
+#define LED_PIN BOARD_LED_PIN
 
-int i;
+#if defined(BOARD_maple) || defined(BOARD_maple_RET6)
+const uint8 pins_to_skip[] = {LED_PIN};
 
-void setup()
-{
+#elif defined(BOARD_maple_mini)
+#define USB_DP 23
+#define USB_DM 24
+const uint8 pins_to_skip[] = {LED_PIN, USB_DP, USB_DM};
+
+#elif defined(BOARD_maple_native)
+const uint8 pins_to_skip[] = {LED_PIN};
+
+#else
+#error "Board type has not been selected correctly."
+#endif
+
+bool skip_pin_p(uint8 pin);
+
+void setup() {
     /* Set up the LED to blink  */
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, 1);
+    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
 
-    for(i=0; i<NUM_GPIO; i++) {
-        if(i==13) { continue; }
+    for(int i = 0; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        if (skip_pin_p(i)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         pinMode(i, OUTPUT);
-        digitalWrite(i,0);
+        digitalWrite(i, LOW);
     }
-    //delay(5000);
     SerialUSB.println("OK, starting...");
-
 }
 
 void loop() {
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN,1);
+    toggleLED();
     delay(100);
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN,0);
+    toggleLED();
 
-    for(i=0; i<NUM_GPIO; i++) {
-        if(i==13) { continue; }
-        digitalWrite(i,1);
+    for(int i = 0; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        if (skip_pin_p(i)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        togglePin(i);
         delay(5);
-        digitalWrite(i,0);
+        togglePin(i);
         delay(5);
     }
 }
 
+bool skip_pin_p(uint8 pin) {
+    for (uint8 i = 0; i < sizeof(pins_to_skip); i++) {
+        if (pin == pins_to_skip[i])
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/spi_master.cpp b/examples/spi_master.cpp
index 9f6d81b..06cad02 100644
--- a/examples/spi_master.cpp
+++ b/examples/spi_master.cpp
@@ -60,13 +60,12 @@ void loop() {
 }
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/test-dac.cpp b/examples/test-dac.cpp
index 3a699e2..6f08b05 100644
--- a/examples/test-dac.cpp
+++ b/examples/test-dac.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-
 #include "wirish.h"
-#include "fsmc.h"
-#include "rcc.h"
-#include "gpio.h"
 #include "dac.h"
 
 uint16 count = 0;
diff --git a/examples/test-serial-flush.cpp b/examples/test-serial-flush.cpp
index d7fbf7a..1cd82b6 100644
--- a/examples/test-serial-flush.cpp
+++ b/examples/test-serial-flush.cpp
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 #include "wirish.h"
 
-void setup()
-{
+void setup() {
     /* Send a message out USART2  */
     Serial2.begin(9600);
     Serial2.println("Hello world!");
 }
 
-int toggle = 0;
-
 void loop() {
-
-    Serial2.println("This is the first line.");
-    Serial2.end();
-    Serial2.println("This is the second line.");
-
-    Serial2.begin(9600);
     Serial2.println("Waiting for multiple input...");
     while(Serial2.available() < 5) { }
     Serial2.println(Serial2.read());
@@ -29,13 +20,12 @@ void loop() {
 }
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/test-serialusb.cpp b/examples/test-serialusb.cpp
index 9d0a862..678c2b9 100644
--- a/examples/test-serialusb.cpp
+++ b/examples/test-serialusb.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-// Sample main.cpp file. Blinks an LED, sends a message out USART2
-// and turns on PWM on pin 2
+// Tests SerialUSB functionality.
 
 #include "wirish.h"
 #include "usb.h"
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
-#define BUT_PIN 38
+#define LED_PIN BOARD_LED_PIN
+#define BUT_PIN BOARD_BUTTON_PIN
 
 uint32 state = 0;
 #define QUICKPRINT  0
@@ -14,33 +13,29 @@ uint32 state = 0;
 #define SIMPLE      3
 #define ONOFF       4
 
-
-void setup()
-{
+void setup() {
     /* Set up the LED to blink  */
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
 
     /* Set up the Button */
-    pinMode(BUT_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
+    pinMode(BUT_PIN, INPUT);
 
     Serial2.begin(9600);
-    Serial2.println("Hello world! This is the debug channel.");
-}
+    Serial2.println("This is the debug channel. Press BUT.");
 
-int toggle = 0;
+    waitForButtonPress(0);
+}
 
 uint8 c1 = '-';
 
 void loop() {
-    toggle ^= 1;
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, toggle);
+    toggleLED();
     delay(1000);
 
-    if(digitalRead(BUT_PIN)) {
-        while(digitalRead(BUT_PIN)) {};
+    if(isButtonPressed()) {
         state++;
     }
-    
+
     switch(state) {
         case QUICKPRINT:
             for(int i = 0; i<30; i++) {
@@ -48,34 +43,34 @@ void loop() {
                 SerialUSB.print('.');
                 SerialUSB.print('|');
             }
-            Serial2.println(SerialUSB.pending(),DEC);
+            Serial2.println(SerialUSB.pending(), DEC);
             SerialUSB.println();
             break;
         case BIGSTUFF:
-            SerialUSB.println("01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890");
-            SerialUSB.println((uint32)123456789,DEC);
+            SerialUSB.println("0123456789012345678901234567890123456789"
+                              "0123456789012345678901234567890123456789"
+                              "012345678901234567890");
+            SerialUSB.println((int64)123456789, DEC);
             SerialUSB.println(3.1415926535);
-            Serial2.println(SerialUSB.pending(),DEC);
+            Serial2.println(SerialUSB.pending(), DEC);
             break;
         case NUMBERS:
             SerialUSB.println("Numbers! -----------------------------");
             Serial2.println("Numbers! -----------------------------");
             SerialUSB.println('1');
             Serial2.println('1');
-            SerialUSB.println(1,DEC);
-            Serial2.println(1,DEC);
-            SerialUSB.println(-1,DEC);
-            Serial2.println(-1,DEC);
+            SerialUSB.println(1, DEC);
+            Serial2.println(1, DEC);
+            SerialUSB.println(-1, DEC);
+            Serial2.println(-1, DEC);
             SerialUSB.println(3.14159265);
             Serial2.println(3.14159265);
-            SerialUSB.println(3.14159265,9);
-            Serial2.println(3.14159265,9);
-            SerialUSB.println(123456789,DEC);
-            Serial2.println(123456789,DEC);
-            SerialUSB.println(-123456789,DEC);
-            Serial2.println(-123456789,DEC);
-            SerialUSB.println(65535,HEX);
-            Serial2.println(65535,HEX);
+            SerialUSB.println(123456789, DEC);
+            Serial2.println(123456789, DEC);
+            SerialUSB.println(-123456789, DEC);
+            Serial2.println(-123456789, DEC);
+            SerialUSB.println(65535, HEX);
+            Serial2.println(65535, HEX);
             break;
         case SIMPLE:
             Serial2.println("Trying write('a')");
@@ -92,8 +87,8 @@ void loop() {
             SerialUSB.print("hij\n\r");
             SerialUSB.write(' ');
             SerialUSB.println();
-            Serial2.println("Trying println(123456789,DEC)");
-            SerialUSB.println(123456789);
+            Serial2.println("Trying println(123456789, DEC)");
+            SerialUSB.println(123456789, DEC);
             Serial2.println("Trying println(3.141592)");
             SerialUSB.println(3.141592);
             Serial2.println("Trying println(\"DONE\")");
@@ -103,12 +98,12 @@ void loop() {
             Serial2.println("Shutting down...");
             SerialUSB.println("Shutting down...");
             SerialUSB.end();
-            Serial2.println("Waiting 4seconds...");
+            Serial2.println("Waiting 4 seconds...");
             delay(4000);
             Serial2.println("Starting up...");
             SerialUSB.begin();
             SerialUSB.println("Hello World!");
-            Serial2.println("Waiting 4seconds...");
+            Serial2.println("Waiting 4 seconds...");
             delay(4000);
             state++;
             break;
@@ -118,13 +113,12 @@ void loop() {
 }
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/test-session.cpp b/examples/test-session.cpp
index 7601fab..cf1f4ec 100644
--- a/examples/test-session.cpp
+++ b/examples/test-session.cpp
@@ -20,27 +20,43 @@
 
 int rate = 0;
 
+#if defined(BOARD_maple) || defined(BOARD_maple_RET6)
+
+#elif defined(BOARD_maple_mini)
+
+#elif defined(BOARD_maple_native)
+const uint8[] pins_to_skip = {LED_PIN};
+
+#else
+#error "Board not selected correctly."
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BOARD_maple)
 const uint8 pwm_pins[] =
     {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 24, 25, 27, 28};
 const uint8 adc_pins[] =
     {0, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 28};
+const uint8 pins_to_skip[] = {LED_PIN};
 
 #elif defined(BOARD_maple_mini)
+#define USB_DP 23
+#define USB_DM 24
 const uint8 pwm_pins[] = {3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27};
 const uint8 adc_pins[] = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 33}; // NB: 33 is LED
+const uint8 pins_to_skip[] = {LED_PIN, USB_DP, USB_DM};
 
 #elif defined(BOARD_maple_native)
-const uint8 pwm_pins[] = {12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 37, 38, 45,
-                          46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54};
-const uint8 adc_pins[] = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
-                          /* the following are on ADC3, which lacks support:
-                             39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, */
-                          46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54};
+const uint8 pwm_pins[] = {
+    12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54};
+const uint8 adc_pins[] = {
+    6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
+    /* FIXME These are on ADC3, which lacks support:
+       39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, */
+    46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54};
+const uint8 pins_to_skip[] = {LED_PIN};
 
 #else
-#error "Board type has not been selected correctly"
-
+#error "Board type has not been selected correctly."
 #endif
 
 uint8 gpio_state[NR_GPIO_PINS];
@@ -62,6 +78,7 @@ void cmd_sequential_pwm_test(void);
 void cmd_pwm_sweep(void);
 void cmd_servo_sweep(void);
 
+bool skip_pin_p(uint8 pin);
 void measure_adc_noise(uint8 pin);
 void fast_gpio(int pin);
 void do_serials(HardwareSerial **serials, int n, unsigned baud);
@@ -79,10 +96,10 @@ void setup() {
     // Send a message out over COMM interface
     COMM.println(" ");
     COMM.println("    __   __            _      _ ");
-    COMM.println("   |  \/  | __ _ _ __ | | ___| |");
-    COMM.println("   | |\/| |/ _` | '_ \| |/ _ \ |");
+    COMM.println("   |  \\/  | __ _ _ __ | | ___| |");
+    COMM.println("   | |\\/| |/ _` | '_ \\| |/ _ \\ |");
     COMM.println("   | |  | | (_| | |_) | |  __/_|");
-    COMM.println("   |_|  |_|\__,_| .__/|_|\___(_)");
+    COMM.println("   |_|  |_|\\__,_| .__/|_|\\___(_)");
     COMM.println("                |_|");
     COMM.println("                              by leaflabs");
     COMM.println("");
@@ -274,7 +291,7 @@ void cmd_print_help(void) {
     COMM.println("\tr: Monitor and print GPIO status changes");
     COMM.println("\ts: output a sweeping servo PWM on all PWM channels");
     COMM.println("\tm: output data on USART1 and USART3 with various rates");
-    COMM.println("\t+: test shield mode (for QA, will disrupt Serial2!)");
+    COMM.println("\t+: test shield mode (for QA; will disrupt USARTS)");
 
     COMM.println("Unimplemented:");
     COMM.println("\te: do everything all at once until new input");
@@ -294,11 +311,11 @@ void measure_adc_noise(uint8 pin) { // TODO
 
     // variance algorithm from knuth; see wikipedia
     // checked against python
-    for(int i = 0; i<100; i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
         data[i] = analogRead(pin);
         delta = data[i] - mean;
-        mean = mean + delta/(i+1);
-        M2 = M2 + delta*(data[i] - mean);
+        mean = mean + delta/(i + 1);
+        M2 = M2 + delta * (data[i] - mean);
     }
 
     //sqrt is broken?
@@ -313,7 +330,7 @@ void measure_adc_noise(uint8 pin) { // TODO
 void cmd_adc_stats(void) {
     COMM.println("Taking ADC noise stats...");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
-    for(uint32 i = 0; i<sizeof(adc_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 0; i < sizeof(adc_pins); i++) {
         delay(5);
         measure_adc_noise(adc_pins[i]);
     }
@@ -322,21 +339,21 @@ void cmd_adc_stats(void) {
 void cmd_stressful_adc_stats(void) {
     COMM.println("Taking ADC noise stats under duress...");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
-    for(uint32 i = 0; i<sizeof(adc_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 0; i < sizeof(adc_pins); i++) {
         // spool up PWM
-        for(uint32 j = 2; j<(uint32)sizeof(pwm_pins); j++) {
+        for(uint32 j = 2; j < (uint32)sizeof(pwm_pins); j++) {
             if(adc_pins[i] != pwm_pins[j]) {
-                pinMode(pwm_pins[j],PWM);
+                pinMode(pwm_pins[j], PWM);
                 pwmWrite(pwm_pins[j], 1000 + i);
             }
         }
         SerialUSB.print(dummy_dat);
         SerialUSB.print(dummy_dat);
         measure_adc_noise(adc_pins[i]);
-        for(uint32 j = 2; j<(uint32)sizeof(pwm_pins); j++) {
+        for(uint32 j = 2; j < (uint32)sizeof(pwm_pins); j++) {
             if(adc_pins[i] != pwm_pins[j]) {
-                pinMode(pwm_pins[j],OUTPUT);
-                digitalWrite(pwm_pins[j],0);
+                pinMode(pwm_pins[j], OUTPUT);
+                digitalWrite(pwm_pins[j], 0);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -408,12 +425,12 @@ void cmd_gpio_monitoring(void) {
     COMM.println("Monitoring GPIO read state changes. Press any key.");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX headers
-    for(int i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(int i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         pinMode(i, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
         gpio_state[i] = (uint8)digitalRead(i);
     }
     while(!COMM.available()) {
-        for(int i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        for(int i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
             uint8 current_state = (uint8)digitalRead(i);
             if(current_state != gpio_state[i]) {
                 COMM.print("State change on header D");
@@ -424,7 +441,7 @@ void cmd_gpio_monitoring(void) {
             }
         }
     }
-    for(int i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(int i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         pinMode(i, OUTPUT);
     }
 }
@@ -434,7 +451,7 @@ void cmd_sequential_adc_reads(void) {
     COMM.println("Press any key for next port, or ESC to stop.");
     digitalWrite(LED_PIN, 0);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX headers
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(adc_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(adc_pins); i++) {
         COMM.print("Reading on header D");
         COMM.print(adc_pins[i], DEC);
         COMM.println("...");
@@ -446,13 +463,13 @@ void cmd_sequential_adc_reads(void) {
             COMM.print(sample,DEC);
             COMM.print("\t");
             COMM.print("|");
-            for(int j = 0; j<4096; j+= 100) {
+            for(int j = 0; j < 4096; j += 100) {
                 if(sample >= j) COMM.print("#");
                 else COMM.print(" ");
             }
             COMM.print("| ");
-            for(int j = 0; j<12; j++) {
-                if(sample & (1 << (11-j))) COMM.print("1");
+            for(int j = 0; j < 12; j++) {
+                if(sample & (1 << (11 - j))) COMM.print("1");
                 else COMM.print("0");
             }
             COMM.println("");
@@ -466,32 +483,33 @@ void cmd_sequential_adc_reads(void) {
 void cmd_gpio_qa(void) {
     COMM.println("Doing QA testing for most GPIO pins...");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
-    for(int i = 0; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         pinMode(i, INPUT);
         gpio_state[i] = 0;
     }
-    COMM.println("Waiting to start...");
+    COMM.println("Waiting to start; press a key.");
     while(digitalRead(0) != 1 && !COMM.available()) {
         continue;
     }
-    for(int i=0; i<38; i++) {
-        if(i == BOARD_LED_PIN) {
-            COMM.println("Not checking LED");
+    for(int i = 0; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        if(skip_pin_p(i)) {
+            COMM.print("Not checking pin ");
+            COMM.println(i);
             continue;
         }
-        COMM.print("Checking D");
-        COMM.print(i,DEC);
+        COMM.print("Checking pin ")
+        COMM.print(i, DEC);
         while(digitalRead(i) == 0) continue;
-        for(int j=0; j<NR_GPIO_PINS; j++) {
-            if(digitalRead(j) && j!=i) {
+        for(int j = 0; j < NR_GPIO_PINS; j++) {
+            if(digitalRead(j) && j != i) {
                 COMM.print(": FAIL ########################### D");
                 COMM.println(j, DEC);
                 break;
             }
         }
         while(digitalRead(i) == 1) continue;
-        for(int j=0; j<NR_GPIO_PINS; j++) {
-            if(digitalRead(j) && j!=i) {
+        for(int j = 0; j < NR_GPIO_PINS; j++) {
+            if(digitalRead(j) && j != i) {
                 COMM.print(": FAIL ########################### D");
                 COMM.println(j, DEC);
                 break;
@@ -499,18 +517,26 @@ void cmd_gpio_qa(void) {
         }
         COMM.println(": Ok!");
     }
-    for(int i = 0; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         pinMode(i, OUTPUT);
         digitalWrite(i, 0);
     }
 }
 
+bool skip_pin_p(uint8 pin) {
+    for (uint8 i = 0; i < sizeof(pins_to_skip); i++) {
+        if (pin == pins_to_skip[i])
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 void cmd_sequential_gpio_writes(void) {
     COMM.print("Sequentially toggling all pins except D0, D1. ");
     COMM.println("Anything for next, ESC to stop.");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX headers
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         COMM.print("GPIO write out on header D");
         COMM.print((int)i, DEC);
         COMM.println("...");
@@ -527,15 +553,15 @@ void cmd_gpio_toggling(void) {
     COMM.println("Toggling all GPIOs simultaneously. Press any key.");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX headers
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         pinMode(i, OUTPUT);
     }
     while(!COMM.available()) {
-        for(uint32 i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        for(uint32 i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
             togglePin(i);
         }
     }
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < NR_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
         digitalWrite(i, 0);
     }
 }
@@ -546,7 +572,7 @@ void cmd_sequential_pwm_test(void) {
     COMM.println("Press any key for next, ESC to stop.");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX headers
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
         COMM.print("PWM out on header D");
         COMM.print(pwm_pins[i], DEC);
         COMM.println("...");
@@ -563,19 +589,19 @@ void cmd_pwm_sweep(void) {
     COMM.println("Testing all PWM ports with a sweep. Press any key.");
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX pins
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
         pinMode(pwm_pins[i], PWM);
         pwmWrite(pwm_pins[i], 4000);
     }
     while(!COMM.available()) {
         rate += 20;
         if(rate > 65500) rate = 0;
-        for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+        for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
             pwmWrite(pwm_pins[i], rate);
         }
         delay(1);
     }
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
         pinMode(pwm_pins[i], OUTPUT);
     }
 }
@@ -586,7 +612,7 @@ void cmd_servo_sweep(void) {
     digitalWrite(BOARD_LED_PIN, 0);
     init_all_timers(21);
     // make sure to skip the TX/RX headers
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
         pinMode(pwm_pins[i], PWM);
         pwmWrite(pwm_pins[i], 4000);
     }
@@ -597,12 +623,12 @@ void cmd_servo_sweep(void) {
     while(!COMM.available()) {
         rate += 20;
         if(rate > 5734) rate = 4096;
-        for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+        for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
             pwmWrite(pwm_pins[i], rate);
         }
         delay(20);
     }
-    for(uint32 i = 2; i<sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
+    for(uint32 i = 2; i < sizeof(pwm_pins); i++) {
         pinMode(pwm_pins[i], OUTPUT);
     }
     init_all_timers(1);
@@ -626,13 +652,12 @@ void init_all_timers(uint16 prescale) {
 
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
-// Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
-__attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+// Otherwise, statically allocated objects that need libmaple may fail.
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/test-systick.cpp b/examples/test-systick.cpp
index 247892d..c7b5529 100644
--- a/examples/test-systick.cpp
+++ b/examples/test-systick.cpp
@@ -3,54 +3,48 @@
 #include "wirish.h"
 #include "systick.h"
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
-#define PWM_PIN  2
-#define BUT     38
+#define LED_PIN BOARD_LED_PIN
+#define PWM_PIN 2
+#define BUT     BOARD_BUTTON_PIN
 
-void setup()
-{
+void setup() {
     /* Set up the LED to blink  */
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
-
-    /* Turn on PWM on pin PWM_PIN */
-    pinMode(PWM_PIN, PWM);
-    pwmWrite(PWM_PIN, 0x8000);
-
-    pinMode(BUT, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
+    pinMode(BUT, INPUT);
 }
 
-int toggle = 0;
+bool disable = true;
 long time = 0;
 
 void loop() {
-    toggle ^= 1;
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, toggle);
+    volatile int i = 0;
+    toggleLED();
 
     // An artificial delay
-    int16 i = 1;
-    float j = 1;
-    for(i=0; i<6553; i++) {
-        j = sqrt(j) + 1; 
-    }
-        
-    if(digitalRead(BUT)) {
-        systick_disable();
-    } else {
-        systick_resume();
+    for(i = 0; i < 150000; i++)
+        ;
+
+    if(isButtonPressed()) {
+        if (disable) {
+            systick_disable();
+            SerialUSB.println("Disabling SysTick");
+        } else {
+            SerialUSB.println("Re-enabling SysTick");
+            systick_resume();
+        }
+        disable = !disable;
     }
 
-    //SerialUSB.println(micros());      // there is a bug with this
     SerialUSB.println(millis());
 }
 
 // Force init to be called *first*, i.e. before static object allocation.
 // Otherwise, statically allocated object that need libmaple may fail.
- __attribute__(( constructor )) void premain() {
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
 }
 
-int main(void)
-{
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/test-timers.cpp b/examples/test-timers.cpp
index ccba251..f3cfdcc 100644
--- a/examples/test-timers.cpp
+++ b/examples/test-timers.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "wirish.h"
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
+#define LED_PIN BOARD_LED_PIN
 
 void handler1(void);
 void handler2(void);
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ void handler4(void);
 void handler3b(void);
 void handler4b(void);
 
-int toggle = 0;
 int t;
 
 int count1 = 0;
@@ -36,25 +35,24 @@ void setup()
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
 
     // Setup the button as input
-    pinMode(38, INPUT_PULLUP);
+    pinMode(BOARD_BUTTON_PIN, INPUT);
 
-    /* Send a message out USART2  */
-    //SerialUSB.begin(9600);
-    SerialUSB.println("Begining timer test...");
+    // Wait for user to attach...
+    waitForButtonPress(0);
+
+    // Send a message out SerialUSB
+    SerialUSB.println("Beginning timer test...");
     for(int t=0; t<4; t++) {
         Timers[t].setChannel1Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
         Timers[t].setChannel2Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
         Timers[t].setChannel3Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
         Timers[t].setChannel4Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
     }
-    
-    // Wait for user to attach...
-    delay(2000);
 }
 
 void loop() {
     SerialUSB.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
-    SerialUSB.println("Testing setCount/getCount"); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Testing setCount/getCount");
     SerialUSB.print("Timer1.getCount() = "); SerialUSB.println(Timer1.getCount());
     SerialUSB.println("Timer1.setCount(1234)");
     Timer1.setCount(1234);
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ void loop() {
     // down Timer4 is in the "pause" state and the timer doesn't increment, so
     // the final counts should reflect the ratio of time that BUT was held down
     SerialUSB.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
-    SerialUSB.println("Testing Pause/Resume; button roughly controls Timer4"); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Testing Pause/Resume; button roughly controls Timer4");
     count3 = 0;
     count4 = 0;
     Timer3.setChannel1Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
@@ -80,9 +78,9 @@ void loop() {
     Timer4.attachCompare1Interrupt(handler4b);
     Timer3.resume();
     Timer4.resume();
-    SerialUSB.println("~4 seconds..."); 
+    SerialUSB.println("~4 seconds...");
     for(int i = 0; i<4000; i++) {
-        if(digitalRead(38)) {
+        if(isButtonPressed()) {
             Timer4.pause();
         } else {
             Timer4.resume();
@@ -96,14 +94,14 @@ void loop() {
 
     // These test the setPeriod auto-configure functionality
     SerialUSB.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
-    SerialUSB.println("Testing setPeriod"); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Testing setPeriod");
     Timer4.setChannel1Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
     Timer4.setCompare1(1);
-    Timer4.setPeriod(10); 
+    Timer4.setPeriod(10);
     Timer4.pause();
     Timer4.setCount(0);
     Timer4.attachCompare1Interrupt(handler4b);
-    SerialUSB.println("Period 10ms, wait 2 seconds..."); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Period 10ms, wait 2 seconds...");
     count4 = 0;
     Timer4.resume();
     delay(2000);
@@ -114,10 +112,10 @@ void loop() {
     Timer4.setChannel1Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
     Timer4.setCompare1(1);
     Timer4.pause();
-    Timer4.setPeriod(30000); 
+    Timer4.setPeriod(30000);
     Timer4.setCount(0);
     Timer4.attachCompare1Interrupt(handler4b);
-    SerialUSB.println("Period 30000ms, wait 2 seconds..."); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Period 30000ms, wait 2 seconds...");
     count4 = 0;
     Timer4.resume();
     delay(2000);
@@ -127,12 +125,12 @@ void loop() {
     SerialUSB.println("(should be around 2sec/30000ms ~ 67)");
 
     Timer4.setChannel1Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
-    Timer4.setPeriod(300000); 
+    Timer4.setPeriod(300000);
     Timer4.setCompare1(1);
     Timer4.pause();
     Timer4.setCount(0);
     Timer4.attachCompare1Interrupt(handler4b);
-    SerialUSB.println("Period 300000ms, wait 2 seconds..."); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Period 300000ms, wait 2 seconds...");
     count4 = 0;
     Timer4.resume();
     delay(2000);
@@ -146,9 +144,9 @@ void loop() {
     Timer4.setOverflow(65454);
     Timer4.pause();
     Timer4.setCount(0);
-    Timer4.setCompare1(1); 
+    Timer4.setCompare1(1);
     Timer4.attachCompare1Interrupt(handler4b);
-    SerialUSB.println("Period 30000ms, wait 2 seconds..."); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Period 30000ms, wait 2 seconds...");
     count4 = 0;
     Timer4.resume();
     delay(2000);
@@ -159,11 +157,11 @@ void loop() {
 
     Timer4.setChannel1Mode(TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
     Timer4.setCompare1(1);
-    Timer4.setPeriod(30000); 
+    Timer4.setPeriod(30000);
     Timer4.pause();
     Timer4.setCount(0);
     Timer4.attachCompare1Interrupt(handler4b);
-    SerialUSB.println("Period 30000ms, wait 2 seconds..."); 
+    SerialUSB.println("Period 30000ms, wait 2 seconds...");
     count4 = 0;
     Timer4.resume();
     delay(2000);
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ void loop() {
     // that over time the actual timing rates get blown away by other system
     // interrupts.
     for(t=0; t<4; t++) {
-        toggle ^= 1; digitalWrite(LED_PIN, toggle);
+        toggleLED();
         delay(100);
         SerialUSB.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
         SerialUSB.print("Testing Timer "); SerialUSB.println(t+1);
@@ -214,33 +212,39 @@ void handler1(void) {
     val1 += rate1;
     Timers[t].setCompare1(val1);
     count1++;
-} 
+}
+
 void handler2(void) {
     val2 += rate2;
     Timers[t].setCompare2(val2);
     count2++;
-} 
+}
+
 void handler3(void) {
     val3 += rate3;
     Timers[t].setCompare3(val3);
     count3++;
-} 
+}
+
 void handler4(void) {
     val4 += rate4;
     Timers[t].setCompare4(val4);
     count4++;
-} 
+}
 
 void handler3b(void) {
     count3++;
-} 
+}
+
 void handler4b(void) {
     count4++;
-} 
+}
 
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
+    init();
+}
 
 int main(void) {
-    init();
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/vga-leaf.cpp b/examples/vga-leaf.cpp
index d1c6d7d..9d9fce2 100644
--- a/examples/vga-leaf.cpp
+++ b/examples/vga-leaf.cpp
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 /*
- Crude VGA Output
+ VGA Output
 
- Outputs a red and white leaf to VGA. This implementation is crude and noisy,
- but a fun demo. It should run most VGA monitors at 640x480, though it does
- not follow the timing spec very carefully. Real twisted or shielded wires,
- proper grounding, and not doing this on a breadboard are recommended (but
- it seems to work ok without).
+ Outputs a red and white leaf to VGA.  It should run most VGA monitors
+ at 640x480, though it does not follow the timing spec very
+ carefully. Real twisted or shielded wires, proper grounding, and not
+ doing this on a breadboard are recommended (but it seems to work ok
+ without).
 
- SerialUSB is disabled to get rid of most interrupts (which mess with timing);
- the SysTick is probably the source of the remaining flickers. This means that
- you have to use perpetual bootloader or the reset button to flash new 
- programs.
+ SerialUSB and SysTick are disabled to get rid of the most frequently
+ occurring interrupts (which mess with timing). This means that you
+ have to use perpetual bootloader mode or the reset button to flash
+ new programs.
 
  How to wire this to a VGA port:
-    D5 via ~200ohms to VGA Red     (1)
-    D6 via ~200ohms to VGA Green   (2)
-    D7 via ~200ohms to VGA Blue    (3)
+    D6 via ~200ohms to VGA Red     (1)
+    D7 via ~200ohms to VGA Green   (2)
+    D8 via ~200ohms to VGA Blue    (3)
     D11 to VGA VSync               (14)  (swapped?)
     D12 to VGA HSync               (13)  (swapped?)
     GND to VGA Ground              (5)
@@ -24,48 +24,71 @@
  See also:
   - http://pinouts.ru/Video/VGA15_pinout.shtml
   - http://www.epanorama.net/documents/pc/vga_timing.html
- 
+
  Created 20 July 2010
  By Bryan Newbold for LeafLabs
  This code is released with no strings attached.
- 
+
+ Modified 4 March 2011
+ By Marti Bolivar
+ Disabled SysTick, kept up-to-date with libmaple.
  */
 
+// FIXME: generalize for Native and Mini
+
 #include "wirish.h"
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
+#define LED_PIN BOARD_LED_PIN
 
-// Pinouts
-#define VGA_R 5     // STM32: B6
-#define VGA_G 6     // STM32: A8
-#define VGA_B 7     // STM32: A9
+// Pinouts -- you also must change the GPIO macros below if you change
+// these
+#define VGA_R 6     // STM32: A8
+#define VGA_G 7     // STM32: A9
+#define VGA_B 8     // STM32: A10
 #define VGA_V 11    // STM32: A6
 #define VGA_H 12    // STM32: A7
 
-// These low level macros make GPIO writes much faster
-#define VGA_R_HIGH (GPIOB_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_R_LOW  (GPIOB_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_G_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(8)
-#define VGA_G_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(8)
-#define VGA_B_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(9)
-#define VGA_B_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(9)
-#define VGA_V_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_V_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_H_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(7)
-#define VGA_H_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(7)
+// These low level (and STM32 specific) macros make GPIO writes much
+// faster
+#define ABSRR ((volatile uint32*)0x40010810)
+#define ABRR  ((volatile uint32*)0x40010814)
+
+#define RBIT 8                  // (see pinouts)
+#define GBIT 9
+#define BBIT 10
+
+#define VGA_R_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(RBIT)
+#define VGA_R_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(RBIT)
+#define VGA_G_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(GBIT)
+#define VGA_G_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(GBIT)
+#define VGA_B_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(BBIT)
+#define VGA_B_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(BBIT)
+
+#define ON_COLOR   BIT(RBIT)
+#define OFF_COLOR  (BIT(RBIT) | BIT(GBIT) | BIT(BBIT))
+
+// set has priority, so clear every bit and set some given bits:
+#define VGA_COLOR(c) (*ABSRR = c |                                      \
+                      BIT(RBIT+16) | BIT(GBIT+16) | BIT(BBIT+16))
+
+#define VGA_V_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(6)
+#define VGA_V_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(6)
+#define VGA_H_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(7)
+#define VGA_H_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(7)
 
 void isr_porch(void);
 void isr_start(void);
 void isr_stop(void);
 void isr_update(void);
 
-uint8 toggle;
 uint16 x = 0;       // X coordinate
 uint16 y = 0;       // Y coordinate
-uint8 v_active = 1; // Are we in the image?
+uint16 logo_y = 0;  // Y coordinate, mapped into valid logo index (for speed)
+bool v_active = true; // Are we in the image?
 
-// 1-bit!
-uint8 logo[18][16] = {
+const uint8 x_max = 16;
+const uint8 y_max = 18;
+uint32 logo[y_max][x_max] = {
     {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,},
     {0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,},
     {0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,},
@@ -99,9 +122,20 @@ void setup() {
     digitalWrite(VGA_H, HIGH);
     digitalWrite(VGA_V, HIGH);
 
+    // Fill the logo array with color patterns corresponding to its
+    // truth value.  Note that we could get more tricky here, since
+    // there are 3 bits of color.
+    for (int y = 0; y < y_max; y++) {
+        for (int x = 0; x < x_max; x++) {
+            logo[y][x] = logo[y][x] ? ON_COLOR : OFF_COLOR;
+        }
+    }
+
     // This gets rid of the majority of the interrupt artifacts;
+    // there's still a glitch for low values of y, but let's not worry
+    // about that. (Probably due to the hackish way vsync is done).
     SerialUSB.end();
-    SystemTick.end();
+    systick_disable();
 
     // Configure
     Timer4.pause(); // while we configure
@@ -120,14 +154,13 @@ void setup() {
     Timer4.attachCompare3Interrupt(isr_stop);
     Timer4.setCompare4(1);      // Could be zero I guess
     Timer4.attachCompare4Interrupt(isr_update);
-    
+
     Timer4.setCount(0);         // Ready...
     Timer4.resume();            // Go!
 }
 
 void loop() {
-    toggle ^= 1;
-    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, toggle);
+    toggleLED();
     delay(100);
 
     // Everything happens in the interrupts!
@@ -139,51 +172,59 @@ void loop() {
 void isr_porch(void) {
     VGA_H_HIGH;
     y++;
+    logo_y = map(y, 0, 478, 0, y_max);
     // Back to the top
-    if(y>=523) {
-        y=1;
-        v_active = 1;
+    if(y >= 523) {
+        y = 1;
+        logo_y = 0;
+        v_active = true;
         return;
     }
     // Other vsync stuff below the image
-    if(y>=492) {
+    if(y >= 492) {
         VGA_V_HIGH;
         return;
     }
-    if(y>=490) {
+    if(y >= 490) {
         VGA_V_LOW;
         return;
     }
-    if(y>=479) { 
-        v_active = 0;
+    if(y >= 479) {
+        v_active = false;
         return;
     }
 }
 
 // This is the main horizontal sweep
-void isr_start(void) {  
+void isr_start(void) {
     // Skip if we're not in the image at all
-    if(!v_active) { return; }
+    if (!v_active) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     // Start Red
     VGA_R_LOW;
     VGA_R_HIGH;
 
-    // For each "pixel" (really 20 or so screen pixels?) go red or white
-    for(x=0; x<32; x++) {
-        if(logo[y/28][x/2]) {
-            VGA_G_HIGH;
-            VGA_B_HIGH;
-        } else {
-            VGA_G_LOW;
-            VGA_B_LOW;
-        }
+    // For each "pixel", go ON_COLOR or OFF_COLOR
+    for(x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
+        // setting the color several times is just an easy way to
+        // delay, so the image is wider.  if you only do the following
+        // once, you'll be able to make the logo array a lot wider:
+        VGA_COLOR(logo[logo_y][x]);
+        VGA_COLOR(logo[logo_y][x]);
+        VGA_COLOR(logo[logo_y][x]);
+        VGA_COLOR(logo[logo_y][x]);
+        VGA_COLOR(logo[logo_y][x]);
+        VGA_COLOR(logo[logo_y][x]);
     }
 }
 
 // End of the horizontal line
 void isr_stop(void) {
-    if(!v_active) { return; }
+    if (!v_active) {
+        return;
+    }
     VGA_R_LOW;
     VGA_G_LOW;
     VGA_B_LOW;
@@ -194,8 +235,11 @@ void isr_update(void) {
     VGA_H_LOW;
 }
 
-int main(void) {
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
     init();
+}
+
+int main(void) {
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
diff --git a/examples/vga-scope.cpp b/examples/vga-scope.cpp
index 0265f9c..9c6dca5 100644
--- a/examples/vga-scope.cpp
+++ b/examples/vga-scope.cpp
@@ -1,34 +1,90 @@
-// Low-level, non-wirish demonstration of VGA
-//
-// Connect a microphone or something less to ANALOG_PIN
+/*
+  VGA Oscilloscope demo.
+
+  Connect a microphone or something like it to ANALOG_PIN (0V -- 3.3V
+  only; 0.2V -- 3.1V will probably look nicer); an attached VGA
+  monitor will display the signal roughly in real-time.
+
+  The thick blue line corresponds roughly to 0V.
+
+  This is a fairy crude hack, but it's fun to watch/toy around with.
+
+  SerialUSB and SysTick are disabled to get rid of the most frequently
+  occurring interrupts (which mess with timing). This means that you
+  have to use perpetual bootloader mode or the reset button to flash
+  new programs.
+
+  How to wire this to a VGA port:
+  D6 via ~200ohms to VGA Red     (1)
+  D7 via ~200ohms to VGA Green   (2)
+  D8 via ~200ohms to VGA Blue    (3)
+  D11 to VGA VSync               (14)  (swapped?)
+  D12 to VGA HSync               (13)  (swapped?)
+  GND to VGA Ground              (5)
+  GND to VGA Sync Ground         (10)
+
+  See also:
+  - http://pinouts.ru/Video/VGA15_pinout.shtml
+  - http://www.epanorama.net/documents/pc/vga_timing.html
+
+  This code is released into the public domain.
+ */
 
 #include "wirish.h"
+#include "systick.h"
+
+// FIXME generalize for Native and Mini
 
-#define LED_PIN 13
+#define LED_PIN     BOARD_LED_PIN
 #define ANALOG_PIN 18
-#define VGA_R 5 // B6
-#define VGA_G 6 // A8
-#define VGA_B 7 // A9
-#define VGA_V 11 // A6
-#define VGA_H 12 // A7
-#define VGA_R_HIGH (GPIOB_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_R_LOW  (GPIOB_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_G_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(8)
-#define VGA_G_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(8)
-#define VGA_B_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(9)
-#define VGA_B_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(9)
-#define VGA_V_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_V_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(6)
-#define VGA_H_HIGH (GPIOA_BASE)->BSRR = BIT(7)
-#define VGA_H_LOW  (GPIOA_BASE)->BRR  = BIT(7)
+
+// Pinouts -- you also must change the GPIO macros below if you change
+// these
+#define VGA_R 6     // STM32: A8
+#define VGA_G 7     // STM32: A9
+#define VGA_B 8     // STM32: A10
+#define VGA_V 11    // STM32: A6
+#define VGA_H 12    // STM32: A7
+
+// These low level (and STM32 specific) macros make GPIO writes much
+// faster
+#define ABSRR ((volatile uint32*)0x40010810)
+#define ABRR  ((volatile uint32*)0x40010814)
+
+#define RBIT 8                  // (see pinouts)
+#define GBIT 9
+#define BBIT 10
+
+#define VGA_R_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(RBIT)
+#define VGA_R_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(RBIT)
+#define VGA_G_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(GBIT)
+#define VGA_G_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(GBIT)
+#define VGA_B_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(BBIT)
+#define VGA_B_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(BBIT)
+
+#define COLOR_WHITE (BIT(RBIT) | BIT(GBIT) | BIT(BBIT))
+#define COLOR_BLACK 0
+#define COLOR_RED   BIT(RBIT)
+#define COLOR_GREEN BIT(GBIT)
+#define COLOR_BLUE  BIT(BBIT)
+
+#define BORDER_COLOR COLOR_BLUE
+
+// set has priority, so clear every bit and set some given bits:
+#define VGA_COLOR(c) (*ABSRR = c |                                      \
+                      BIT(RBIT+16) | BIT(GBIT+16) | BIT(BBIT+16))
+
+#define VGA_V_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(6)
+#define VGA_V_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(6)
+#define VGA_H_HIGH *ABSRR = BIT(7)
+#define VGA_H_LOW  *ABRR  = BIT(7)
 
 void isr_porch(void);
 void isr_start(void);
 void isr_stop(void);
 void isr_update(void);
 
-void setup()
-{
+void setup() {
     pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
     pinMode(ANALOG_PIN, INPUT_ANALOG);
     digitalWrite(LED_PIN, 1);
@@ -38,104 +94,104 @@ void setup()
     pinMode(VGA_V, OUTPUT);
     pinMode(VGA_H, OUTPUT);
 
-    /* Send a message out USART2  */
+    // Send a message out USART2
     Serial2.begin(9600);
-    Serial2.println("Video time...");
+    Serial2.println("Time to kill the radio star...");
 
     // This gets rid of the majority of the interrupt artifacts;
-    // a SysTick.end() is required as well
+    // there's still a glitch for low values of y, but let's not worry
+    // about that. (Probably due to the hackish way vsync is done).
     SerialUSB.end();
-    
+    systick_disable();
+
     digitalWrite(VGA_R, 0);
     digitalWrite(VGA_G, 0);
     digitalWrite(VGA_B, 0);
-    digitalWrite(VGA_H,1);
-    digitalWrite(VGA_V,1);
-
-    timer_set_prescaler(4,0);
-    timer_set_mode(4, 1, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
-    timer_set_mode(4, 2, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
-    timer_set_mode(4, 3, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
-    timer_set_mode(4, 4, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
-    timer_set_reload(4, 2287);
-    timer_set_compare_value(4,1,200);
-    timer_set_compare_value(4,2,300);
-    timer_set_compare_value(4,3,2170);  // 2219 max...
-    timer_set_compare_value(4,4,1);
-    timer_attach_interrupt(4,1,isr_porch);
-    timer_attach_interrupt(4,2,isr_start);
-    timer_attach_interrupt(4,3,isr_stop);
-    timer_attach_interrupt(4,4,isr_update);
-
-    timer_set_count(4,0);
+    digitalWrite(VGA_H, 1);
+    digitalWrite(VGA_V, 1);
+
+    timer_pause(TIMER4);
+    timer_set_prescaler(TIMER4, 0);
+    timer_set_mode(TIMER4, 1, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
+    timer_set_mode(TIMER4, 2, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
+    timer_set_mode(TIMER4, 3, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
+    timer_set_mode(TIMER4, 4, TIMER_OUTPUTCOMPARE);
+    timer_set_reload(TIMER4, 2287);
+    timer_set_compare_value(TIMER4, 1, 200);
+    timer_set_compare_value(TIMER4, 2, 250);
+    timer_set_compare_value(TIMER4, 3, 2170);  // 2219 max...
+    timer_set_compare_value(TIMER4, 4, 1);
+    timer_attach_interrupt(TIMER4, 1, isr_porch);
+    timer_attach_interrupt(TIMER4, 2, isr_start);
+    timer_attach_interrupt(TIMER4, 3, isr_stop);
+    timer_attach_interrupt(TIMER4, 4, isr_update);
+
+    timer_set_count(TIMER4, 0);
+    timer_resume(TIMER4);
 }
 
-int toggle = 0;
-uint16  x = 0;
 uint16 y = 0;
 uint16 val = 0;
-uint8 v_active = 1;
-GPIO_Port *portb = GPIOB_BASE;
+bool v_active = true;
+const uint16 x_max = 60;        // empirically (and lazily) determined
 
 void isr_porch(void) {
     VGA_H_HIGH;
     y++;
-    if(y>=523) {
-        y=1;
-        v_active = 1;
+    val = map(analogRead(ANALOG_PIN), 0, 4095, 0, x_max);
+    if(y >= 523) {
+        y = 1;
+        v_active = true;
         return;
     }
-    if(y>=492) {
+    if(y >= 492) {
         VGA_V_HIGH;
         return;
     }
-    if(y>=490) {
+    if(y >= 490) {
         VGA_V_LOW;
         return;
     }
-    if(y>=479) {    // 479
-        v_active = 0;
+    if(y >= 479) {
+        v_active = false;
         return;
     }
 
 }
 
 void isr_start(void) {
-    if(!v_active) { return; }
-    VGA_R_HIGH;
-    VGA_R_HIGH;
-    VGA_R_HIGH;
-    VGA_R_LOW;
-    //delayMicroseconds(2);
-    //gpio_write_bit(GPIOA_BASE, 8, 1); // VGA_G
-    for(x=0; x<(val>>6); x++) {
-        }
-    VGA_B_HIGH;
-    VGA_G_HIGH;
-    VGA_G_LOW;
-    VGA_B_LOW;
-    //VGA_R_HIGH;
-    //val = (val + analogRead(ANALOG_PIN))/2;
-    val = analogRead(ANALOG_PIN);
-
+    if (!v_active) {
+        return;
+    }
+    VGA_COLOR(BORDER_COLOR);
+    for (int x = 0; x < val; x++) {
+        VGA_COLOR(COLOR_BLACK);
+    }
+    VGA_COLOR(COLOR_WHITE);
+    VGA_COLOR(COLOR_BLACK);
 }
+
 void isr_stop(void) {
-    if(!v_active) { return; }
-    VGA_R_LOW;
-    VGA_G_LOW;
-    VGA_B_LOW;
+    if (!v_active) {
+        return;
+    }
+    VGA_COLOR(COLOR_BLACK);
 }
+
 void isr_update(void) {
     VGA_H_LOW;
 }
 
 void loop() {
-    //val = analogRead(ANALOG_PIN);
+    toggleLED();
+    delay(100);
 }
 
+__attribute__((constructor)) void premain() {
+    init();
+}
 
 int main(void) {
-    init();
     setup();
 
     while (1) {
-- 
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