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-.. _arduino-bitwiseand:
-
-Bitwise AND (&), Bitwise OR (\|), Bitwise XOR (^)
-=================================================
-
-Bitwise AND (&)
----------------
-
-The bitwise operators perform their calculations at the bit level
-of variables. They help solve a wide range of common programming
-problems. Much of the material below is from an excellent tutorial
-on bitwise math wihch may be found
-`here. <http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Code/BitMath>`_
-
-
-
-Description and Syntax
-----------------------
-
-Below are descriptions and syntax for all of the operators. Further
-details may be found in the referenced tutorial.
-
-
-
-Bitwise AND (&)
----------------
-
-The bitwise AND operator in C++ is a single ampersand, &, used
-between two other integer expressions. Bitwise AND operates on each
-bit position of the surrounding expressions independently,
-according to this rule: if both input bits are 1, the resulting
-output is 1, otherwise the output is 0. Another way of expressing
-this is:
-
-
-
-::
-
-        0  0  1  1    operand1
-        0  1  0  1    operand2
-        ----------
-        0  0  0  1    (operand1 & operand2) - returned result
-
-
-
-In Arduino, the type int is a 16-bit value, so using & between two
-int expressions causes 16 simultaneous AND operations to occur. In
-a code fragment like:
-
-
-
-::
-
-        int a =  92;    // in binary: 0000000001011100
-        int b = 101;    // in binary: 0000000001100101
-        int c = a & b;  // result:    0000000001000100, or 68 in decimal.
-
-
-
-Each of the 16 bits in a and b are processed by using the bitwise
-AND, and all 16 resulting bits are stored in c, resulting in the
-value 01000100 in binary, which is 68 in decimal.
-
-
-
-One of the most common uses of bitwise AND is to select a
-particular bit (or bits) from an integer value, often called
-masking. See below for an example
-
-
-
-Bitwise OR (\|)
----------------
-
-The bitwise OR operator in C++ is the vertical bar symbol, \|. Like
-the & operator, \| operates independently each bit in its two
-surrounding integer expressions, but what it does is different (of
-course). The bitwise OR of two bits is 1 if either or both of the
-input bits is 1, otherwise it is 0. In other words:
-
-
-
-::
-
-        0  0  1  1    operand1
-        0  1  0  1    operand2
-        ----------
-        0  1  1  1    (operand1 | operand2) - returned result
-
-
-
-Here is an example of the bitwise OR used in a snippet of C++
-code:
-
-
-
-::
-
-        int a =  92;    // in binary: 0000000001011100
-        int b = 101;    // in binary: 0000000001100101
-        int c = a | b;  // result:    0000000001111101, or 125 in decimal.
-
-
-
-Example Program
----------------
-
-A common job for the bitwise AND and OR operators is what
-programmers call Read-Modify-Write on a port. On microcontrollers,
-a port is an 8 bit number that represents something about the
-condition of the pins. Writing to a port controls all of the pins
-at once.
-
-
-
-PORTD is a built-in constant that refers to the output states of
-digital pins 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. If there is 1 in an bit position,
-then that pin is HIGH. (The pins already need to be set to outputs
-with the pinMode() command.) So if we write ``PORTD = B00110001;``
-we have made pins 2,3 & 7 HIGH. One slight hitch here is that we
-*may* also have changeed the state of Pins 0 & 1, which are used by
-the Arduino for serial communications so we may have interfered
-with serial communication.
-
-
-
-::
-
-         Our algorithm for the program is:
-
-
--  Get PORTD and clear out only the bits corresponding to the pins
-   we wish to control (with bitwise AND).
--  Combine the modified PORTD value with the new value for the pins
-   under control (with biwise OR).
-
-
-
-::
-
-    int i;     // counter variable
-    int j;
-    
-    void setup(){
-    DDRD = DDRD | B11111100; // set direction bits for pins 2 to 7, leave 0 and 1 untouched (xx | 00 == xx)
-    // same as pinMode(pin, OUTPUT) for pins 2 to 7
-    Serial.begin(9600);
-    }
-    
-    void loop(){
-    for (i=0; i<64; i++){
-    
-    PORTD = PORTD & B00000011;  // clear out bits 2 - 7, leave pins 0 and 1 untouched (xx & 11 == xx)
-    j = (i << 2);               // shift variable up to pins 2 - 7 - to avoid pins 0 and 1
-    PORTD = PORTD | j;          // combine the port information with the new information for LED pins
-    Serial.println(PORTD, BIN); // debug to show masking
-    delay(100);
-       }
-    }
-
-
-
-Bitwise XOR (^)
----------------
-
-There is a somewhat unusual operator in C++ called bitwise
-EXCLUSIVE OR, also known as bitwise XOR. (In English this is
-usually pronounced "eks-or".) The bitwise XOR operator is written
-using the caret symbol ^. This operator is very similar to the
-bitwise OR operator \|, only it evaluates to 0 for a given bit
-position when both of the input bits for that position are 1:
-
-
-
-::
-
-        0  0  1  1    operand1
-        0  1  0  1    operand2
-        ----------
-        0  1  1  0    (operand1 ^ operand2) - returned result
-
-
-
-Another way to look at bitwise XOR is that each bit in the result
-is a 1 if the input bits are different, or 0 if they are the same.
-
-
-
-Here is a simple code example:
-
-
-
-::
-
-        int x = 12;     // binary: 1100
-        int y = 10;     // binary: 1010
-        int z = x ^ y;  // binary: 0110, or decimal 6
-
-
-
-The ^ operator is often used to toggle (i.e. change from 0 to 1, or
-1 to 0) some of the bits in an integer expression. In a bitwise OR
-operation if there is a 1 in the mask bit, that bit is inverted; if
-there is a 0, the bit is not inverted and stays the same. Below is
-a program to blink digital pin 5.
-
-
-
-::
-
-    // Blink_Pin_5
-    // demo for Exclusive OR
-    void setup(){
-    DDRD = DDRD | B00100000; // set digital pin five as OUTPUT 
-    Serial.begin(9600);
-    }
-    
-    void loop(){
-    PORTD = PORTD ^ B00100000;  // invert bit 5 (digital pin 5), leave others untouched
-    delay(100);
-    }
-
-
-
-See Also
-
-
--  `&& <http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Boolean>`_ (Boolean AND)
--  `\|\| <http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Boolean>`_ (Boolean OR)
-