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authorPerry Hung <iperry@gmail.com>2011-01-24 23:23:29 -0500
committerPerry Hung <iperry@gmail.com>2011-01-24 23:23:29 -0500
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+.. highlight:: cpp
+
+.. _lang-switchcase:
+
+``switch``\ /\ ``case``
+=======================
+
+Like :ref:`if <lang-if>` statements, A ``switch`` statement controls
+program flow by allowing you to specify different code that should be
+executed under various cases.
+
+The general syntax looks like this::
+
+ switch (var) {
+ case val1:
+ // statements
+ break;
+ case val2:
+ // statements
+ break;
+ ...
+ default:
+ // statements
+ }
+
+Where ``var`` is a variable whose value to investigate, and the
+``val1``, ``val2`` after each ``case`` are constant values that
+``var`` might be.
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+A ``switch`` statement compares the value of a variable to the values
+specified in ``case`` statements. When a ``case`` statement is found
+whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case
+statement is run.
+
+Here's a more concrete example::
+
+ switch (var) {
+ case 1:
+ doThing1();
+ break;
+ case 2:
+ doThing2();
+ break;
+ }
+ afterTheSwitch();
+
+In the above example, if ``var == 1``, then the code beginning on the
+line after ``case 1`` gets executed. That is, if ``var`` is one,
+``doThing1()`` gets called first, and then the ``break`` statement is
+executed.
+
+The ``break`` keyword exits the ``switch`` statement, and is typically
+used at the end of each ``case``. Since there is a ``break`` at the
+end of ``case 1``, the ``switch`` statement exits, and the next line
+to be run is the one which calls ``afterTheSwitch()``.
+
+Without a ``break``, the ``switch`` statement will continue executing
+the following ``case`` expressions ("falling-through") until a
+``break`` (or the end of the switch statement) is reached. Let's
+pretend the ``switch`` looked like this instead::
+
+ switch (var) {
+ case 1:
+ doThing1();
+ // no break statement anymore
+ case 2:
+ doThing2();
+ break;
+ }
+ afterTheSwitch();
+
+Now, if ``var`` is one, ``doThing1()`` gets executed like before.
+However, without a ``break``, the code would continue to be executed
+line-by-line, so ``doThing2()`` would be called next. At this point,
+a ``break`` has been reached, so the program continues by calling
+``afterTheSwitch()``. This is usually not what you want, which is why
+each ``case`` usually has a ``break`` at the end.
+
+.. _lang-switchcase-default:
+
+Writing "``default:``" instead of a ``case`` statement allows you to
+specify what to do if none of the ``case`` statements matches. Having
+a ``default`` is optional (you can leave it out), but if you have one,
+it must appear after all of the ``case`` statements. Let's add a
+``default`` to the ``switch`` we've been discussing::
+
+ switch (var) {
+ case 1:
+ doThing1();
+ break;
+ case 2:
+ doThing2();
+ break;
+ default:
+ doSomethingElse();
+ }
+ afterTheSwitch();
+
+If ``var`` is one, then ``doThing1()`` gets called. If ``var`` is
+two, ``doThing2()`` gets called. If ``var`` is anything else,
+``doSomethingElse()`` gets called. As stated above, a ``default`` is
+optional. If you're missing one and none of the ``case`` statements
+match, the ``switch`` does nothing at all, as if it weren't there.
+
+``switch`` statements are often used with an :ref:`enum <lang-enum>`
+value as the variable to compare. In this case, you can write down
+all of the values the ``enum`` takes as ``case`` statements, and be
+sure you've covered all the possibilities.
+
+See also:
+---------
+
+- :ref:`if/else <lang-if>`
+
+.. include:: cc-attribution.txt