merge libmaple docs ("leaflabs-docs") into ./docs

In the past, libample documentation was forked out of this repository
because the documentation had increased in scope. For the librambutan,
and the rambutan project in general, we will try to keep documentation
closer to the source code, so the librambutan-specific documentation
should live here. Other sections of leaflabs-docs will be culled in a
following commit.

This merge attempts to maintain history by using a subtree strategy.
Followed directions at:

    http://nuclearsquid.com/writings/subtree-merging-and-you/

Full history for files should be accessible using the "--follow" flag to
git log, eg:

    git log --follow docs/source/adc.rst

It should be possible to pull patches from leaflabs-docs with:

    git pull -s subtree leaflabs-docs master

... at least until the docs in this repository diverge significantly.

1 files changed, 68 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/docs/source/lang/cpp/int.rst b/docs/source/lang/cpp/int.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa63946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/lang/cpp/int.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.. highlight:: cpp
+
+.. _lang-int:
+
+``int``
+=======
+
+The ``int`` data type represents integers.  Integers are your primary
+data type for number storage, and store a 4 byte value. This yields a
+range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (minimum value of -2^31 and a
+maximum value of (2^31) - 1; that's about negative 2 billion to
+positive 2 billion).
+
+An ``int`` stores a negative number with a technique called `two's
+complement math
+<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement#Explanation>`_\ .
+The highest bit in an ``int``, sometimes refered to as the "sign" bit,
+flags the number as a negative number.  (See the linked article on
+two's complement for more information).
+
+The Maple takes care of dealing with negative numbers for you, so that
+arithmetic operations work mostly as you'd expect. There can be an
+:ref:`unexpected complication <lang-bitshift-signbit-gotcha>` in
+dealing with the :ref:`bitshift right operator (>>)
+<lang-bitshift>`, however.
+
+.. _lang-long:
+
+The ``long`` type is a synonym for ``int``.
+
+Here is an example of declaring an ``int`` variable named ``pin``,
+then giving it value 13::
+
+    int pin = 13;
+
+The general syntax for declaring an ``int`` variable named ``var``,
+then giving it value ``val``, looks like::
+
+    int var = val;
+
+.. _lang-int-overflow:
+
+Integer Overflow
+----------------
+
+When ``int`` variables leave the range specified above, they
+:ref:`roll over <lang-variables-rollover>` in the other direction.
+Here are some examples::
+
+       int x;
+       x = -2,147,483,648;
+       x--; // x now contains 2,147,483,647; rolled over "left to right"
+
+       x = 2,147,483,647;
+       x++; // x now contains -2,147,483,648; rolled over "right to left"
+
+See Also
+--------
+
+-  :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`
+-  :ref:`char <lang-char>`
+-  :ref:`unsigned char <lang-unsignedchar>`
+-  :ref:`long long <lang-longlong>`
+-  :ref:`unsigned long long <lang-unsignedlonglong>`
+-  :ref:`Integer Constants <lang-constants-integers>`
+-  :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
+
+.. include:: cc-attribution.txt