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authorMarti Bolivar <mbolivar@mit.edu>2010-12-03 20:18:00 -0500
committerMarti Bolivar <mbolivar@mit.edu>2010-12-03 20:18:00 -0500
commit5ceac644e90c929e77f05d357d1d35d45e673fac (patch)
tree18c76f6117942fa46391fbbd8bd24e2c759c4895
parente5b1e44a8ae8c593456f4b4734f05c9065f6f07b (diff)
downloadlibrambutan-5ceac644e90c929e77f05d357d1d35d45e673fac.tar.gz
librambutan-5ceac644e90c929e77f05d357d1d35d45e673fac.zip
cleaning up previous commits.
note that addition of new files under docs/source/lang/api and docs/source/lang/cpp which were just copies of files in docs/source/lang/ imply that change history is lost to git.
-rw-r--r--docs/source/confDefaultGreen.txt250
-rw-r--r--docs/source/home.rtf43
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/abs.rst48
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/analogread.rst152
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/analogwrite.rst166
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/arithmetic.rst127
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/array.rst123
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/assignment.rst70
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/attachinterrupt.rst102
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bit.rst44
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bitclear.rst44
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bitread.rst46
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bitset.rst46
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bitshift.rst144
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bitwisemath.rst186
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bitwrite.rst46
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/boolean.rst91
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/booleanvariables.rst54
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/break.rst35
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/byte.rst34
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/bytecast.rst50
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/char.rst50
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/charcast.rst36
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/comments.rst67
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/comparison.rst87
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/compoundarithmetic.rst44
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/compoundbitwise.rst231
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/const.rst52
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/constants.rst304
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/constrain.rst69
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/continue.rst32
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/cos.rst32
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/curly-braces.rst109
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/define.rst56
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/delay.rst72
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/delaymicroseconds.rst65
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/detachinterrupt.rst37
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/digitalread.rst58
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/digitalwrite.rst68
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/double.rst48
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/doublecast.rst27
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/dowhile.rst27
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/enum.rst53
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/float.rst50
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/floatcast.rst28
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/for.rst142
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/goto.rst130
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/highbyte.rst59
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/if.rst121
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/include.rst72
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/increment.rst37
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/int.rst64
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/intcast.rst29
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/keywords.rst205
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/long.rst52
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/longcast.rst27
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/loop.rst45
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/lowbyte.rst25
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/map.rst68
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/max.rst65
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/micros.rst46
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/millis.rst52
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/min.rst66
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/modulo.rst70
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/numeric-types.rst79
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/pinmode.rst77
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/pointer.rst31
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/pow.rst23
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/pwmwrite.rst49
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/random.rst73
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/randomseed.rst60
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/return.rst61
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/scope.rst120
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/semicolon.rst25
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/serial.rst226
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/serialusb.rst242
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/setup.rst29
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/sin.rst32
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/sizeof.rst64
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/sq.rst46
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/sqrt.rst25
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/static.rst57
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/string.rst128
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/switchcase.rst118
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/tan.rst31
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/unsignedchar.rst33
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/unsignedint.rst55
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/unsignedlong.rst41
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/variables.rst170
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/void.rst31
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/volatile.rst65
-rw-r--r--docs/source/lang/while.rst38
92 files changed, 0 insertions, 7007 deletions
diff --git a/docs/source/confDefaultGreen.txt b/docs/source/confDefaultGreen.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 789a5a0..0000000
--- a/docs/source/confDefaultGreen.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,250 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#
-# libmaple documentation build configuration file, created by
-# sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 7 06:42:30 2010.
-#
-# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
-# containing dir.
-#
-# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
-# autogenerated file.
-#
-# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
-# serve to show the default.
-
-import sys, os
-
-
-# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
-# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
-# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#
-# We rely on Michael Jones's breathe as a Doxygen-to-Sphinx bridge.
-# See libmaple/docs/README for information on obtaining it and letting
-# Sphinx know where it is.
-sys.path.append(os.environ['BREATHE_HOME'])
-
-# -- General configuration ----------------------------------------------------
-
-# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
-
-# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
-# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
-# ones.
-extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.doctest',
- 'sphinx.ext.intersphinx', 'sphinx.ext.todo',
- 'sphinx.ext.coverage', 'breathe']
-
-# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
-
-# The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
-
-# The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
-
-# The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
-
-# General information about the project.
-project = u'Maple'
-copyright = u'2010, LeafLabs, LLC'
-
-# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
-# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
-# built documents.
-#
-# The short X.Y version.
-version = '0.0'
-# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = '0.0.9'
-
-# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
-# for a list of supported languages.
-#language = None
-
-# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
-# non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
-# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
-
-# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
-# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['epilog.rst', 'prolog.rst']
-
-# Included at the end of every source file that is read.
-with open('epilog.rst', 'r') as ep:
- rst_epilog = ep.read()
-
-# Included at the beginning of every source file that is read.
-with open('prolog.rst', 'r') as pr:
- rst_prolog = pr.read()
-
-# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
-# documents.
-#default_role = None
-
-# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-add_function_parentheses = True
-
-# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
-# unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
-
-# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
-# output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
-
-# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
-
-# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
-
-# Warn about all references where the target cannot be found.
-nitpicky = True
-
-# -- Options for HTML output --------------------------------------------------
-
-# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
-# a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'nature'
-
-# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
-# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
-# documentation.
-
-# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-#html_theme_path = []
-
-# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to
-# "<project> v<release> documentation".
-html_title = project + ' v' + release + ' Documentation'
-
-# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
-
-# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
-# of the sidebar.
-html_logo = '_static/img/round_logo_60x60.png'
-
-# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
-# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
-# pixels large.
-html_favicon = '_static/img/round_logo_32x32.ico'
-
-# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
-# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
-# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
-
-# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
-# using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
-
-# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
-# typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
-
-# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-html_sidebars = {
- '**': ['globaltoc.html', 'searchbox.html'],
-}
-
-
-# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
-# template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
-
-# If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
-
-# If false, no index is generated.
-html_use_index = False
-
-# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
-
-# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-#html_show_sourcelink = True
-
-# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_sphinx = True
-
-# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_copyright = True
-
-# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
-# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
-# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
-
-# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
-
-# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'mapledoc'
-
-
-# -- Options for LaTeX output -------------------------------------------------
-
-# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
-#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#latex_font_size = '10pt'
-
-# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target file, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual])
-latex_documents = [
- ('index', 'maple.tex', u'Maple Documentation',
- u'LeafLabs, LLC', 'manual'),
-]
-
-# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
-# the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
-
-# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
-# not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
-
-# If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
-
-# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#latex_preamble = ''
-
-# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
-
-# If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
-
-
-# -- Options for manual page output -------------------------------------------
-
-# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
-# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
- ('index', 'maple', u'Maple Documentation',
- [u'LeafLabs, LLC'], 1)
-]
-
-
-# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {'http://docs.python.org/': None}
-
-
-# -- Options for breathe integration ------------------------------------------
-
-breathe_projects = {'libmaple' : os.path.join(os.environ['LIB_MAPLE_HOME'],
- 'docs', 'doxygen', 'xml')}
-
-breathe_default_project = 'libmaple'
diff --git a/docs/source/home.rtf b/docs/source/home.rtf
deleted file mode 100644
index dda3ecd..0000000
--- a/docs/source/home.rtf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-.. _home:
-
-===================
-Maple Documentation
-===================
-
-.. image:: /_static/img/maple_rev3.jpg
- :align: left
-
-Welcome!
-
-Maple is a user-friendly prototyping platform developed by LeafLabs in Cambridge, MA. Using Maple, creators with any level of experience can implement beautiful ideas that require the power of a 32-bit processor.
-
-Based on a ARM Cortex M3 (STFM32F103RB) chip, Maple runs at up to 72 MHz and has 39 digital input/out pins, 16 analog inputs, native full speed USB, 3 USARTs, integrated SPI/I2C support, and is Arduino compatible.
-
-Getting Started
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.. sidebar:: Tech Specs
-
- Microcontroller: STM32 F103RB
- Clock Speed: 72 MHz
- Operating Voltage: 3.3V
- Input Voltage (recommended): 3.0V-12V
- Digital I/O Pins: 39
- Analog Input Pins: 16
- Flash Memory: 128 KB
- SRAM: 20KB
- 64 Channel nested vector interrupt handler (including external interrupt on GPIO’s)
- Integrated SPI/I2C and 7 Channels of Direct Memory Access (DMA)
- Supplies up to 800mA @ 3.3v
- Support for low power and sleep modes (<500uA)
- Dimensions: 2.05″x2.1″
-
-:ref:`Quickstart <maple-quickstart>`
-
-:ref:`Basic Language Reference <language>` Program your Maple.
-
-:ref:`Full Documentation <index>`
-
-Problem Solving
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Check out our :ref:`troubleshooting guide <troubleshooting>` and :ref:`known problems<errata>` page. If you don't find what you're looking for, hit the `forums <http://forums.leaflabs.com/>`_ to ask questions to the LeafLabs team and other Maple users. Good luck, and have fun! \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/abs.rst b/docs/source/lang/abs.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f71d9b..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/abs.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-abs:
-
-abs()
-======
-
-(Macro) computes the absolute value of a number.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- abs(x)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: the number.
-
-Returns
--------
-
-**x**: if **x** is greater than or equal to 0.
-
-**-x**: if **x** is less than 0.
-
-Warning
--------
-
-Because of the way ``abs()`` is implemented, avoid using other
-functions or causing side effects inside the parentheses, as it may
-lead to incorrect results::
-
- abs(a++); // avoid this - yields incorrect results
-
- abs(a); // use this instead -
- a++; // keep other operations outside abs()
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Maple's implementation of ``abs()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/analogread.rst b/docs/source/lang/analogread.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c93650..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/analogread.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-analogread:
-
-analogRead()
-============
-
-Used to perform ADC conversion.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: analogRead
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-Reads the value from the specified analog pin. The Maple board
-contains a 16-channel, 12-bit analog to digital converter. This means
-that it will map input voltages between 0 and 3.3 volts into integer
-values between 0 and 4095. This yields a resolution between readings
-of 3.3V / 4096 units, or 0.8 millivolts. However, a number of factors
-interfere with getting full accuracy and precision. For more
-information, see :ref:`adc`.
-
-Before calling analogRead() on a pin, that pin must first be
-configured for analog input, using :ref:`lang-pinMode` (you only
-have to do this once, so it's usually done in :ref:`lang-setup`\ ).
-
-It takes about 0.8 microseconds (.0000008 seconds) to read an analog
-input, so the maximum sample rate using this function is approximately
-1.3 million samples per second\ [#fsamp]_.
-
-
-Parameter Discussion
---------------------
-
-The pin parameter is the number of the analog input pin to read from.
-Header pins on the Maple with ADC functionality (marked as "AIN" on
-the silkscreen) are:
-
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 28
-
-Note that pins 3, 27, and 28 are not marked AIN on the silkscreen
-for Maple revisions through Rev 5, however, they **do work** as
-analog input pins.
-
-Note
-----
-
-If the analog input pin is not connected to anything, the value
-returned by analogRead() will fluctuate based on a number of factors
-(e.g. the values of the other analog inputs, how close your hand is to
-the board, etc.) in a seemingly random way.
-
-
-Example
--------
-
- ::
-
-
- int analogPin = 3; // potentiometer wiper (middle terminal) connected
- // to analog pin 3. outside leads to ground and +3.3V
- int val = 0; // variable to store the value read
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(analogPin, INPUT_ANALOG); // set up pin for analog input
- SerialUSB.begin(); // set up usb virtual COM port
- }
-
- void loop() {
- val = analogRead(analogPin); // read the input pin
- SerialUSB.println(val); // print the value, for debugging with
- // a serial monitor
- }
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Arduino board contains a 6 channel (8 channels on the Mini and
-Nano, 16 on the Mega), 10-bit analog to digital converter with an
-input voltage range of 0V--5V. This means that it will map input
-voltages between 0 and 5 volts (which is **larger** than Maple's range
-of 0V-3.3V) into integer values between 0 and 1023 (which is
-**smaller** than the Maple's range of 0--4095).
-
-This yields a theoretical resolution between readings of: 5 volts /
-1024 units or .0049 volts (4.9 mV) per unit on Arduino boards, which
-is larger, and thus less precise, than Maple's 0.0008 volts (0.8 mV).
-
-If your program expects Arduino-style 10-bit ADC, you can :ref:`right
-shift <lang-bitshift>` the value of a Maple readout by 2, like so::
-
- // right shift means that the result will be between 0 and 1023;
- // be aware that you're losing a lot of precision if you do this
- int adc_reading = analogRead(pin) >> 2;
-
-On the Arduino, the input range and resolution can be changed using
-their implementation of `analogReference()
-<http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogReference>`_\ . Because of the
-way its hardware (as of Rev 5) was designed, it's not possible to
-implement analogReference on the Maple, so this function doesn't
-exist. If your inputs lie in a different voltage range than 0V--3.3V,
-you'll need to bring them into that range before using analogRead.
-Some basic tools to accomplish this are `resistor dividers
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider>`_ and `Zener diodes
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_source#Zener_voltage_source>`_\
-. However, opamps and other powered components can also be used if
-greater precision is required.
-
-Finally, On the Arduino, it takes significantly longer to read analog
-input: about 100 microseconds (0.0001 s), so the maximum reading rate
-is 10,000 times a second.
-
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`ADC note <adc>`
-- `(Arduino) Tutorial: Analog Input Pins <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/AnalogInputPins>`_
-
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. [#fsamp] This is based on the current configuration of a 55.5 cycle
- sample time, at 72 MHz. However, the minimum sample time *possible*
- is 1.5 cycles, leading to a theoretical maximum of approximately 48
- million samples per second (of course, doing anything with the
- readings also consumes cycles, so this maximum can't be reached in
- practice).
-
- See the `STM32 Reference Manual <full-manual>`_, §§11.12.4--5
- (pp. 225--226), for more information on the low-level bit twiddling
- currently necessary to change the sample time. For examples of how
- the ADCs are configured in libmaple, see `adc.h
- <http://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple/blob/master/libmaple/adc.h>`_
- and `adc.c
- <http://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple/blob/master/libmaple/adc.c>`_\
- . Be aware that changing the sample time has important
- consequences related to the impedance of the device connected to
- the input pin. If you want to make changes, as a minimum, you
- should first read ST's application notes on `ADC modes
- <stm32-adc-modes>`_ and `ADC oversampling
- <stm32-adc-oversampling>`_.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/analogwrite.rst b/docs/source/lang/analogwrite.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c50a42..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/analogwrite.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-analogwrite:
-
-analogWrite()
-=============
-
-.. note::
-
- On the Maple, calling analogWrite() is the same as calling
- :ref:`lang-pwmwrite`\ ; see that function's documentation for more
- information.
-
- This is because PWM is not true analog output (i.e., is not the
- output of a `DAC
- <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter>`_\ ), so
- the function is badly named. For instance, **analogWrite() has
- absolutely nothing to do with** :ref:`lang-analogread`\ , which is
- potentially confusing.
-
- The alias of analogWrite() to pwmWrite() is provided (sigh) for the
- sake of compatibility with Arduino, but we recommend using
- :ref:`lang-pwmwrite` when writing new software, for clarity.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-.. _lang-analogwrite-compatibility:
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-There are a few important differences between Arduino's `analogWrite()
-<http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWrite>`_ and Maple's
-:ref:`lang-pwmwrite` that you should keep in mind. In each case, we
-have some recommendations you can use to help converting from Arduino
-to Maple.
-
-Difference 1: Duty cycle range is different
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The first and most important difference is that the largest possible
-value for the duty cycle is much bigger on the Maple. Using Arduino's
-analogWrite(), the duty cycle ranges between 0--255 (always off --
-always on)\ [#fbytemax]_\ . Using Maple's pwmWrite(), the duty cycle
-ranges from 0--65,535 by default\ [#fuint16max]_\ .
-
-This is a good thing! The greater range of values on the Maple gives
-you much more precise control over the duty cycle of your PWM output.
-
-If you're porting code from the Arduino and want a quick-and-dirty
-fix, one solution is to :ref:`map <lang-map>` the argument to
-analogWrite into the right range::
-
- // Arduino code:
- analogWrite(pin, duty);
-
- // Becomes Maple code:
- analogWrite(pin, map(duty, 0, 255, 0, 65535));
-
-This will convert values in the range 0-255 to values in the range
-0--65,635, which is the correct default range for all of the timers
-which control PWM output. See the :ref:`timers reference <timers>`
-for more information.
-
-Another fix is to consult the :ref:`pin mapping mega table
-<pin-mapping-mega-table>` to find the timer which controls PWM on the
-pin you're using, then set that Timer's overflow to 255. Subsequent
-calls to analogWrite() should work as on the Arduino (with the same
-loss of precision). Note, however, that that affects the overflow for
-the **entire timer**, so other code relying on that timer (such as any
-:ref:`interrupts <lang-attachinterrupt>` the timer controls) will
-likely need to be modified as well.
-
-Difference 2: You must use pinMode() to set up PWM
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The second difference is that on the Maple, you **must** set up the pin
-for PWM output using :ref:`lang-pinmode`\ , with argument ``PWM``.
-This should just be one extra line of code in your
-:ref:`lang-setup` function. Example::
-
- void setup() {
- // set up pin 9 for PWM
- pinMode(9, PWM);
- }
-
-This also means that you can't later call :ref:`lang-digitalread`
-or :ref:`lang-digitalwrite` on that pin (unless some time in
-between, you use pinMode() to reconfigure that pin for ``INPUT`` or
-``OUTPUT``; see the :ref:`lang-pinmode` page for more information).
-
-Difference 3: No PWM on pin 10
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-On the Maple, the pins which support PWM are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,
-9, 11, 12, and 14, or twelve pins in total. That is at least as
-*many* PWM pins as any Arduino board, but there are differences in
-*which* pins support it.
-
-* On **most Arduino boards** (those with the ATmega168 or ATmega328;
- this includes the **Arduino Uno**), this function works on pins 3,
- 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11, or six pins total. Note that these boards
- support PWM on pin 10, while Maple does not.
-
-* On the **Arduino Mega**, PWM works on pins 2 through 13, or twelve pins
- total. Note that this board supports PWM on pins 4, 10, and 13,
- while the Maple does not. Maple supports PWM on pins 0, 1, and 14,
- which the Mega does not, making the total number of pins supporting
- PWM equal on these boards.
-
-* **Older Arduino boards** with an ATmega8 only support analogWrite() on
- pins 9, 10, and 11. Maple does not support PWM on pin 10.
-
-In all cases, Arduino boards support PWM on pin 10, unlike Maple. We
-did our best to make PWM as pin-compatible as possible; however,
-circuit layout constraints prevented us from achieving perfect
-compatibility.
-
-The "safest" pins to use for PWM output are pins 9 and 11. These pins
-work on any Arduino board and on Maple. The "safe" pins, which work
-on most recent Arduino boards, the Arduino Mega and the Maple, are
-pins 3, 5, 6, 9, and 11. Thus, if you want your project to be as
-portable as possible between Maple and Arduino, we recommend using the
-"safest" pins first, then the "safe" pins, as necessary.
-
-Difference 4: PWM frequency
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The frequency of the PWM signal (i.e., the frequency of a complete
-on/off cycle) on the Arduino is approximately 490 Hz.
-
-On the Maple, the frequency is configurable, defaulting to about 1100
-Hz, or 1.1 KHz. This is because the PWM frequency is the frequency of
-the timer which controls PWM output on the particular pin (\
-:ref:`the PWM tutorial has the details <pwm>`\ ).
-
-If your application absolutely requires Arduino's PWM frequency (it
-probably doesn't), then the steps are:
-
-1. Figure out which timer controls PWM output on your pin (\ :ref:`this table <pwm-timer-table>` is your friend here). Let's say it's ``Timern``\ , where ``n`` is some number 1, 2, 3, or 4.
-
-2. Call ``Timern.setPeriod(2041)``\ . This will set the timer's period to approximately 2041 microseconds, which is a frequency of approximately 490 Hz.
-
-Be aware that this will change the period for the **entire timer**\ ,
-and will affect anything else in your program that depends on that
-timer. One example is :ref:`interrupts <timers-attachinterrupt>`\ .
-You've been :ref:`warned <timers-pwm-conflicts>`\ .
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Maple PWM tutorial <pwm>`
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. [#fbytemax] This is because the value for the duty cycle on Arduino
- must fit in 1 byte of memory, and an unsigned (i.e., nonnegative)
- integer with size 1 byte can hold the values between 0 and 255.
-
-.. [#fuint16max] This is because the value for the duty cycle on the
- Maple uses 2 bytes of memory, and an unsigned (i.e., nonnegative)
- integer with size 2 bytes can hold the values between 0 and 65,535.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/arithmetic.rst b/docs/source/lang/arithmetic.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 91fe22e..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/arithmetic.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-arithmetic:
-
-Arithmetic Operators (``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``)
-=================================================
-
-The operators ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, and ``/`` respectively evaluate to
-the sum, difference, product, or quotient (respectively) of the two
-operands. The operation is conducted using the data type of the
-operands, so, for example, ``9 / 4`` gives ``2`` since 9 and 4 are
-:ref:`int variables <lang-int>`.
-
-This also means that the operation can overflow if the result is
-larger than that which can be stored in the data type (e.g. adding 1
-to an :ref:`lang-int` with the value 2,147,483,647 gives
--2,147,483,648).
-
-.. _lang-arithmetic-typeconversion:
-
-If the operands are of different types, the "larger" type is used for
-the calculation. If one of the numbers (operands) are of the type
-**float** or of type **double**, floating point math will be used for
-the calculation.
-
-.. note:: The specifics of these rules are beyond the scope of this
- documentation; for more information, see `The C++ Programming
- Language <http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/3rd.html>`_\ , by Bjarne
- Stroustroup, Appendix C, especially §§C.4-C.6, or `this WikiBooks
- entry on C++ type conversion
- <http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Programming/Programming_Languages/C%2B%2B/Code/Statements/Variables/Type_Casting#Automatic_type_conversion>`_.
-
-.. note:: For more information on how computers represent integers,
- see the Wikipedia page on `two's complement
- <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement>`_.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Examples
---------
-
- ::
-
- y = y + 3;
- x = x - 7;
- i = j * 6;
- r = r / 5;
-
-
-Syntax
-------
-
- ::
-
- result = value1 + value2;
- result = value1 - value2;
- result = value1 * value2;
- result = value1 / value2;
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**value1**: any numeric variable or constant
-
-**value2**: any numeric variable or constant
-
-Programming Tips
-----------------
-
-- Know that :ref:`integer constants <lang-constants-integers>`
- default to :ref:`int <lang-int>`, so some constant calculations
- may overflow (e.g., 200000 * 5000000 will yield a negative result).
-
-- Choose variable sizes that are large enough to hold the largest
- results from your calculations.
-
-- Know at what point your variable will "roll over" and also what
- happens in the other direction e.g. (0 - 1) for unsigned arithmetic,
- or (0 - -2,147,483,648) for signed arithmetic.
-
-- For math that requires fractions, float variables may be used, but
- be aware of their drawbacks: large size and slow computation speeds
- (the STM32 has no floating point hardware, so all floating point
- calculations have to be done in software).
-
-- Use cast operator, e.g. ``(int)myFloat`` to convert one variable type
- to another on the fly.
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Since the STM32 processor on the Maple is a 32-bit machine, the int
-type overflows at a much higher value on Maple than on Arduino. In
-particular, on Maple, ints do not overflow (become negative) until
-they reach 2,147,483,648; on the Arduino, they overflow at 32,767.
-Because of this, programs running on Maple are much less likely to run
-into overflow issues. The following table summarizes the sizes and
-ranges of integer datatypes on the Maple (the ranges of long long
-types are approximate):
-
-.. _lang-arithmetic-int-sizes:
-
-.. csv-table::
- :header: Datatype, Unsigned range, Signed range, Size (bytes)
- :widths: 8, 12, 17, 8
-
- ``char``, 0 --- 255, -128 --- 127, 1
- ``short``, "0 --- 65,535", "-32,768 --- 32,767", 2
- ``int``, "0 --- 4,294,967,295", "-2,147,483,648 --- 2,147,483,647", 4
- ``long``, "0 --- 4,294,967,295", "-2,147,483,648 --- 2,147,483,647", 4
- ``long long``, "0 --- 1.8*10\ :sup:`19`\ " (approx.), "-9.2*10\ :sup:`18` --- 9.2*10\ :sup:`18` (approx.)", 8
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- The individual sizes (in bits) of various available types are
- defined in `libmaple_types.h
- <http://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple/blob/master/libmaple/libmaple_types.h>`_\
- .
-
-- :ref:`sizeof <lang-sizeof>`\ ()
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/array.rst b/docs/source/lang/array.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 30a818f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/array.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-array:
-
-Arrays
-======
-
-An array is a collection of variables that are accessed with an index
-number. Arrays in the C++ programming language, in which the Maple is
-programmed, can be complicated, but using simple arrays is relatively
-straightforward.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Creating (Declaring) an Array
------------------------------
-
-All of the methods below are valid ways to create (declare) an
-array. ::
-
- int myInts[6];
- int myPins[] = {2, 4, 8, 3, 6};
- int mySensVals[6] = {2, 4, -8, 3, 2};
- char message[6] = "hello";
-
-You can declare an array without initializing it, as with myInts. In
-the line referring to myPins, we declare an array without explicitly
-choosing a size. The compiler counts the elements and creates an
-array of the appropriate size.
-
-Finally, you can both initialize and size your array, as in
-mySensVals. Note that when declaring an array with elements of type
-char, one more element than your initialization is required, to hold
-the required `null character <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-terminated_string>`_.
-
-
-Accessing an Array
-------------------
-
-
-.. compound::
-
- Arrays are **zero indexed**; that is, referring to the array
- initialization above, the first element of the array is at index 0,
- hence ::
-
- mySensVals[0] == 2;
- mySensVals[1] == 4
-
- and so forth.
-
-It also means that in an array with ten elements, index nine is the
-last element. Hence::
-
- int myArray[10]={9,3,2,4,3,2,7,8,9,11};
- // myArray[9] contains 11
- // myArray[10] is invalid and contains random information (other memory address)
-
-For this reason, you should be careful in accessing arrays. Accessing
-past the end of an array (using an index number greater than your
-declared array size - 1) is reading from memory that is in use for
-other purposes. Reading from these locations is probably not going to
-do much except yield invalid data. Writing to random memory locations
-is definitely a bad idea, and can often lead to unhappy results such
-as crashes or program malfunction. This can also be a difficult bug to
-track down.
-
-Unlike Basic or Java, the C compiler does no checking to see if array
-access is within legal bounds of the array size that you have
-declared.
-
-
-To assign a value to an array
------------------------------
- ::
-
- mySensVals[0] = 10;
-
-
-To retrieve a value from an array
----------------------------------
-
- ::
-
- x = mySensVals[4];
-
-
-Arrays and ``for`` Loops
-------------------------
-
-Arrays are often manipulated inside :ref:`for loops <lang-for>`, where
-the loop counter is used as the index for each array element. For
-example, to print the elements of an array over the serial port, you
-could do something like this::
-
- int i;
- for (i = 0; i < 5; i = i + 1) {
- SerialUSB.println(myPins[i]);
- }
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-For a complete program that demonstrates the use of arrays, see the
-Arduino `Knight Rider example
-<http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/KnightRider>`_\ (which will run
-unmodified on the Maple).
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Arrays on Maple are identical those on Arduino.
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Storing arrays in FLASH memory <arm-gcc-attribute-flash>`
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/assignment.rst b/docs/source/lang/assignment.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b6ad4d5..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/assignment.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-assignment:
-
-Assignment Operator (``=``)
-===========================
-
-Stores the value to the right of the equal sign in the variable to
-the left of the equal sign.
-
-The single equal sign in the C++ programming language is called the
-assignment operator. It has a different meaning than in algebra
-class, where it indicated an equation or equality. The assignment
-operator tells the microcontroller to evaluate whatever value or
-expression is on the right side of the equal sign, and store it in
-the variable to the left of the equal sign [#fgross]_.
-
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int sensVal; // declare an integer variable named sensVal
- senVal = analogRead(0); // store the (digitized) input voltage at analog pin 0 in SensVal
-
-
-
-Programming Tips
-----------------
-
-The variable on the left side of the assignment operator ( = sign )
-needs to be able to hold the value stored in it. If it is not large
-enough to hold a value, the value stored in the variable will be
-incorrect.
-
-Don't confuse the assignment operator [ = ] (single equal sign)
-with the comparison operator [ == ] (double equal signs), which
-evaluates whether two expressions are equal.
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Assignments on the Maple are identical to those on Arduino.
-
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-
-- `if (comparison operators) <http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/If>`_
-- `char <http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Char>`_
-- `int <http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Int>`_
-- `long <http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Long>`_
-
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. [#fgross] Experienced C++ programmers know this to be an
- oversimplification of what happens when the variable on the left
- hand side is an object. See Richard Gillam's wonderful and scary
- `The Anatomy of the Assignment Operator
- <http://icu-project.org/docs/papers/cpp_report/the_anatomy_of_the_assignment_operator.html>`_
- for more information.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/attachinterrupt.rst b/docs/source/lang/attachinterrupt.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b8907f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/attachinterrupt.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-attachinterrupt:
-
-attachInterrupt()
-=================
-
-Used to specify a function to call when an external interrupt (like an
-GPIO changing from LOW to HIGH, a button getting pressed, etc.)
-occurs.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: attachInterrupt
-
-.. doxygenenum:: ExtIntTriggerMode
-
-.. doxygentypedef:: voidFuncPtr
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-Because the function will run in interrupt context, inside of it,
-:ref:`lang-delay` won't work, and the value returned by
-:ref:`lang-millis` will not increment. Serial data received while
-in the function may be lost. You should declare as ``volatile`` any
-global variables that you modify within the attached function.
-
-There are a few constraints you should be aware of if you're using
-more than one interrupt at a time; the :ref:`external-interrupts` page
-has the details.
-
-
-Using Interrupts
-----------------
-
-Interrupts are useful for making things happen automatically in
-microcontroller programs, and can help solve timing problems. A
-good task for using an interrupt might be reading a rotary encoder,
-or monitoring user input.
-
-
-If you wanted to insure that a program always caught the pulses
-from a rotary encoder, never missing a pulse, it would make it very
-tricky to write a program to do anything else, because the program
-would need to constantly poll the sensor lines for the encoder, in
-order to catch pulses when they occurred. Other sensors have a
-similar interface dynamic too, such as trying to read a sound
-sensor that is trying to catch a click, or an infrared slot sensor
-(photo-interrupter) trying to catch a coin drop. In all of these
-situations, using an interrupt can free the microcontroller to get
-some other work done while not missing the doorbell.
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int maple_led_pin = 13;
- volatile int state = LOW; // must declare volatile, since it's
- // modified within the blink handler
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(maple_led_pin, OUTPUT);
- attachInterrupt(0, blink, CHANGE);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- digitalWrite(maple_led_pin, state);
- }
-
- void blink() {
- state = !state;
- }
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Most Arduino boards have two external interrupts: numbers 0 (on
-digital pin 2) and 1 (on digital pin 3). The Arduino Mega has an
-additional four: numbers 2 (pin 21), 3 (pin 20), 4 (pin 19), and 5
-(pin 18). On the Maple, you don't have to remember which interrupt
-number goes with which pin -- just tell ``attachInterrupt()`` the pin
-you want.
-
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`detachInterrupt <lang-detachinterrupt>`
-- :ref:`external-interrupts`
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bit.rst b/docs/source/lang/bit.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index dd5c050..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bit.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-bit:
-
-bit()
-=====
-
-(Macro) Computes the value of an (unsigned) integer with the specified
-bit set (``bit(0)`` is 1, ``bit(1)`` is 2, ``bit(2)`` is 4, then 8,
-16, 32, etc.).
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``bit(n)``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-* **n** the bit to set.
-
-
-Value
------
-
-The value of an integer with the given bit set.
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple implementation of bit is compatible with Arduino.
-
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`lang-bitread`
-- :ref:`lang-bitwrite`
-- :ref:`lang-bitset`
-- :ref:`lang-bitclear`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bitclear.rst b/docs/source/lang/bitclear.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 941f912..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bitclear.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-bitclear:
-
-bitClear()
-==========
-
-(Macro) Clears (writes a 0 to) a bit of a numeric variable.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``bitClear(x, n)``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-* **x** the numeric variable whose bit to clear
-
-* **n** which bit to clear, starting at 0 for the least-significant
- (rightmost) bit
-
-
-Returns
--------
-
-None.
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-This implementation is compatible with that of Arduino.
-
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`bit <lang-bit>`\ ()
-- :ref:`bitRead <lang-bitread>`\ ()
-- :ref:`bitWrite <lang-bitwrite>`\ ()
-- :ref:`bitSet <lang-bitset>`\ ()
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bitread.rst b/docs/source/lang/bitread.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 46b4478..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bitread.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-bitread:
-
-bitRead()
-=========
-
-(Macro) Gets the value of a bit in a number.
-
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``bitRead(x, n)``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-* **x** the number from which to read the bit.
-
-* **n** which bit to read, starting at 0 for the least-significant
- (rightmost) bit
-
-
-Value
------
-
-The value of the bit (0 or 1).
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple implementation of ``bitRead`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`lang-bit`
-- :ref:`lang-bitwrite`
-- :ref:`lang-bitset`
-- :ref:`lang-bitclear`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bitset.rst b/docs/source/lang/bitset.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ccd76de..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bitset.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-bitset:
-
-bitSet()
-========
-
-(Macro) Sets (writes a 1 to) a bit of a numeric variable.
-
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``bitSet(x, n)``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-* **x** the numeric variable whose bit to set
-
-* **n** which bit to set, starting at 0 for the least-significant
- (rightmost) bit
-
-
-Value
------
-
-None.
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple implementation of bitSet is compatible with Arduino.
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-bit`
-- :ref:`lang-bitread`
-- :ref:`lang-bitwrite`
-- :ref:`lang-bitclear`
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bitshift.rst b/docs/source/lang/bitshift.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index e1c8de0..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bitshift.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-bitshift:
-
-Bit Shift Operators (``<<``, ``>>``)
-====================================
-
-(Adapted from `The Bit Math Tutorial
-<http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Code/BitMath>`_ in `The Arduino
-Playground <http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Main/HomePage>`_\ )
-
-There are two bit shift operators in C++: the left shift operator
-``<<`` and the right shift operator ``>>``. These operators cause the
-bits in the left operand to be shifted left or right by the number of
-positions specified by the right operand.
-
-More information on bitwise math can be obtained in the Wikipedia
-article on `bitwise operations
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation>`_\ , especially the
-section on shifts in `C, C++, and Java
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Shifts_in_C.2C_C.2B.2B.2C_C.23_and_Java>`_\ .
-
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``some_int << number_of_bits``
-
-``some_int >> number_of_bits``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-* **some_int** An integer value or variable.
-
-* **number_of_bits** integer whose value is at most ``8 *
- sizeof(variable)`` (so ``number_of_bits`` can be at most 32 for
- ``int`` values, at most ``8`` for ``char`` values, etc.; the various
- integer sizes are summarized :ref:`in this table
- <lang-arithmetic-int-sizes>`\ ).
-
-
-
-Example:
---------
-
-Here are some examples of bit shifting, with the binary representation of the number in comments::
-
- int a = 5; // binary: 101
- int b = a << 3; // binary: 101000, or 40 in decimal
- int c = b >> 3; // binary: 101, or back to 5 like we started with
-
-
-When you left shift a value x by y bits (x << y), the leftmost y bits
-in x are lost, literally shifted out of existence. We'll do this
-example with ``char`` values (which are integers in the range 0-255,
-and take up 8 bits of memory)::
-
- char a = 5; // binary (all 8 bits): 00000101
- char b = a << 7; // binary: 10000000 - the first 1 in 101 was discarded
-
-
-If you are certain that none of the ones in a value are being shifted
-into oblivion, a simple way to think of the left-shift operator is
-that it multiplies the left operand by 2 raised to the right operand
-power (in math notation, ``x << y`` equals x * 2\ :sup:`y`\ , as long
-as none of the bits of x get shifted out). For example, to generate
-powers of 2, the following expressions can be employed::
-
- 1 << 0 == 1
- 1 << 1 == 2
- 1 << 2 == 4
- 1 << 3 == 8
- ...
- 1 << 8 == 256
- 1 << 9 == 512
- 1 << 10 == 1024
- ...
-
-.. _lang-bitshift-signbit-gotcha:
-
-When you shift x right by y bits (``x >> y``), and the highest bit in
-x is a 1, the behavior depends on the exact data type of x. If x is of
-type ``int``, the highest bit is special, and determines whether x is
-negative or not; the details are too complicated to explain here, but
-they are thoroughly explained in the Wikipedia article on `two's
-complement arithmetic
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement>`_\ , which the
-system most computers use to store integers. In that case, the sign
-bit is copied into lower bits, for esoteric historical reasons::
-
- int x = -16; // binary (all 32 bits): 11111111111111111111111111110000
- int y = x >> 3; // binary: 11111111111111111111111111111110
-
-
-
-This behavior, called "sign extension", is often not what you
-want. You probably wish zeros to be shifted in from the left. It
-turns out that the right shift rules are different for ``unsigned
-int`` values, so you can use a type cast to suppress ones being copied
-from the left::
-
- int x = -16; // binary: 11111111111111111111111111110000
- int y = (unsigned int)x >> 3; // binary: 00011111111111111111111111111110
-
-
-
-If you are careful to avoid sign extension, you can use the
-right-shift operator, ``>>``, as a way to divide by powers of 2. For
-example::
-
- int x = 1000;
- int y = x >> 3; // integer division of 1000 by 8, causing y = 125.
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Since it's part of the C++ language, bit shifting on the Maple is
-compatible with the Arduino; however, you should keep in mind that the
-Maple has bigger integer types (as in, more bits) than the Arduino.
-
-Since the STM32 is a 32-bit processor, the ``int`` type takes up 32
-bits instead of 16, like on Arduino's 16-bit microcontroller. This
-means that you can shift left, like ``x << y``, with bigger values of
-``y`` on the Maple before ones in ``x`` start to get shifted out.
-
-To calculate the number of bits of an integer type on the Maple,
-multiply its size in bytes (see :ref:`this table
-<lang-arithmetic-int-sizes>` for these) by 8, since there are 8
-bits in 1 byte. For example, a ``short`` takes up 2 bytes of memory,
-or 2 * 8 = 16 bits.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-bit`
-- :ref:`lang-bitread`
-- :ref:`lang-bitwrite`
-- :ref:`lang-bitclear`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bitwisemath.rst b/docs/source/lang/bitwisemath.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 28fe6bf..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bitwisemath.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-bitwisemath:
-
-Bitwise Operators (``&``, ``|``, ``^``, ``~``)
-==============================================
-
-The bitwise operators perform their calculations at the bit level of
-variables. They help solve a wide range of common programming
-problems.
-
-Much of the material here is adapted for Maple from an (Arduino)
-`tutorial on bitwise math
-<http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Code/BitMath>`_\ . Another great
-resource is the Wikipedia article on `bitwise operations
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation>`_\ .
-
-Below are descriptions and syntax for all of the operators.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-.. _lang-bitwisemath-and:
-
-Bitwise AND (``&``)
--------------------
-
-The bitwise AND operator in C++ is a single ampersand, ``&``, used
-between two other integer expressions. Bitwise AND operates on each
-bit position of the surrounding expressions independently, according
-to this rule: if both input bits are 1, the resulting output is 1,
-otherwise the output is 0. Another way of expressing this is::
-
- 0 0 1 1 operand1
- 0 1 0 1 operand2
- ----------
- 0 0 0 1 (operand1 & operand2) = result
-
-
-On the Maple, the type ``int`` is a 32-bit value, so using ``&``
-between two ``int`` expressions causes 32 simultaneous AND operations
-to occur. In a code fragment like::
-
- int a = 92; // in binary: 00000000000000000000000001011100
- int b = 101; // in binary: 00000000000000000000000001100101
- int c = a & b; // result: 00000000000000000000000001000100,
- // (or 68 in decimal).
-
-
-Each of the 32 bits in ``a`` and ``b`` are processed using bitwise
-AND, and all 32 resulting bits are stored in ``c``, resulting in the
-value 1000100 in binary, which is 68 in decimal.
-
-
-.. _lang-bitwisemath-or:
-
-Bitwise OR (``|``)
-------------------
-
-The bitwise OR operator in C++ is the vertical bar symbol, ``|``. Like
-the ``&`` operator, ``|`` operates independently on each bit in its
-two surrounding integer expressions, but what it does is
-different. The bitwise OR of two bits is 1 if either or both of the
-input bits is 1, otherwise it is 0. For example::
-
- 0 0 1 1 operand1
- 0 1 0 1 operand2
- ----------
- 0 1 1 1 (operand1 | operand2) = result
-
-Here is an example of bitwise OR used in a snippet of C++ code (using
-``char``, which takes up 8 bits of memory, instead of ``int``, which
-uses 32)::
-
- char a = 92; // in binary: 01011100
- char b = 101; // in binary: 01100101
- char c = a | b; // result: 01111101, or 125 in decimal.
-
-.. _lang-bitwisemath-xor:
-
-Bitwise XOR (``^``)
--------------------
-
-There is a somewhat unusual operator in C++ called bitwise EXCLUSIVE
-OR, also known as bitwise XOR. (In English, this is usually pronounced
-"zor" or "ex-or"). The bitwise XOR operator is written using the caret
-symbol, ``^``. This operator is very similar to the bitwise OR
-operator ``|``, except it evaluates to 0 for a given bit position when
-both of the input bits for that position are 1::
-
- 0 0 1 1 operand1
- 0 1 0 1 operand2
- ----------
- 0 1 1 0 (operand1 ^ operand2) = result
-
-
-Another way to look at bitwise XOR is that each bit in the result
-is a 1 if the input bits are different, or 0 if they are the same.
-
-Here is a simple example::
-
- int x = 12; // binary (ignoring extra bits): 1100
- int y = 10; // binary: 1010
- int z = x ^ y; // binary: 0110, or decimal 6
-
-
-
-The ^ operator is often used to toggle (i.e. change from 0 to 1, or 1
-to 0) some of the bits in an integer expression. In a bitwise OR
-operation if there is a 1 in the mask bit, that bit is inverted; if
-there is a 0, the bit is not inverted and stays the same. Below is a
-program to blink digital pin 13 (the LED pin on Maple)::
-
- // Blink Maple LED pin
-
- int led_pin = 13;
- int toggle = 0;
-
- // demo for Exclusive OR
- void setup(){
- pinMode(led_pin, OUTPUT);
- }
-
- void loop(){
- toggle = toggle ^ 1;
- digitalWrite(led_pin, toggle);
- delay(100);
- }
-
-.. _lang-bitwisemath-not:
-
-Bitwise NOT (``~``)
--------------------
-
-The bitwise NOT operator in C++ is the tilde character ``~``. Unlike
-``&`` and ``|``, the bitwise NOT operator is applied to a single
-operand to its right. Bitwise NOT changes each bit to its opposite: 0
-becomes 1, and 1 becomes 0. For example::
-
- 0 1 operand1
- ----
- 1 0 ~operand1 = result
-
-Another example::
-
- char a = 103; // binary: 01100111
- char b = ~a; // binary: 10011000 = -104
-
-You might be surprised to see a negative number like -104 as the
-result of this operation. This is because the highest bit in an int
-variable is the so-called "sign bit". If the highest bit is 1, the
-number is interpreted as negative. This encoding of positive and
-negative numbers is referred to as *two's complement*. For more
-information, see the Wikipedia article on `two's
-complement. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twos_complement>`_
-
-As an aside, it is interesting to note that (under two's complement
-arithmetic) for any integer ``x``, ``~x`` is the same as ``-x-1``.
-
-At times, the sign bit in a signed integer expression can cause
-some unwanted surprises.
-
-
-Uses
-----
-
-One of the most common uses of bitwise operations is to select or
-manipulate a particular bit (or bits) from an integer value, often
-called `bit masking
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_%28computing%29>`_\ . See the
-linked Wikipedia article for more information and examples.
-
-If you really want to see bit-twiddling techniques in their full
-glory, you could do much worse than to get yourself a copy of
-`Hacker's Delight <http://www.hackersdelight.org/>`_\ .
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Boolean operations <lang-boolean>` (``&&``, ``||``)
-- :ref:`Compound bitwise operations <lang-compoundbitwise>` (``&=``,
- ``|=``, ``^=``).
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bitwrite.rst b/docs/source/lang/bitwrite.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b3feff2..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bitwrite.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-bitwrite:
-
-bitWrite()
-==========
-
-(Macro) Writes a bit of a numeric variable.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- bitWrite(x, n, b)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: the numeric variable whose bit to write.
-
-**n**: which bit of the number to write, starting at 0 for the
-least-significant (rightmost) bit.
-
-**b**: the value to write to the bit (0 or 1).
-
-Returns
--------
-
-Nothing.
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Maple's version of ``bitWrite()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`bit() <lang-bit>`
-- :ref:`bitRead() <lang-bitRead>`
-- :ref:`bitSet() <lang-bitSet>`
-- :ref:`bitClear() <lang-bitClear>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/boolean.rst b/docs/source/lang/boolean.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d6aa5c..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/boolean.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-boolean:
-
-Boolean Operators
-=================
-
-These can be used inside the condition of an :ref:`if <lang-if>`
-statement. Evaluate to :ref:`true <lang-constants-true>` or
-:ref:`false <lang-constants-false>`.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-.. _lang-boolean-and:
-
-&& (logical and)
-----------------
-
-True only if both operands are true. For example::
-
- if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH && digitalRead(3) == HIGH) { // read two switches
- // ...
- }
-
-is true only if both inputs are high. Another example::
-
- if (a >= 10 && a <= 20){} // true if a is between 10 and 20
-
-**Be careful** not to say ``10 <= a <= 20``! This won't work the way
-you want. You have to separately test whether ``a`` is at least 10
-using ``a >= 10``, then test whether ``a`` is at most 20 using ``a <=
-20``, then combine the results using ``&&``.
-
-
-.. _lang-boolean-or:
-
-\|\| (logical or)
------------------
-
-True if either operand is true. For example::
-
- if (x > 0 || y > 0) {
- // ...
- }
-
-is true if either ``x`` or ``y`` is greater than 0.
-
-.. _lang-boolean-not:
-
-! (logical not)
----------------
-
-True if the operand is false. For example::
-
- if (!x) {
- // ...
- }
-
-is true if ``x`` is false (i.e. if ``x`` is zero).
-
-Some Advice
------------
-
-.. warning::
-
- Make sure you don't mistake the boolean AND operator ``&&``
- (double ampersand) for the :ref:`bitwise AND operator
- <lang-bitwisemath-and>` ``&`` (single ampersand). They are
- entirely different beasts.
-
- Similarly, do not confuse the boolean OR operator ``||`` (double
- pipe) with the :ref:`bitwise OR operator <lang-bitwisemath-or>`
- ``|`` (single pipe).
-
- The :ref:`bitwise NOT operator <lang-bitwisemath-not>` ``~``
- (tilde) looks much different than the boolean not operator ``!``
- (exclamation point, or "bang", as some programmers say), but you
- still have to be sure which one you want.
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Bitwise operators <lang-bitwisemath>` (``&``, ``|``, ``^``, ``~``)
-- :ref:`Compound bitwise operators <lang-compoundbitwise>` (``&=``,
- ``|=``, ``^=``).
-- :ref:`if statement <lang-if>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/booleanvariables.rst b/docs/source/lang/booleanvariables.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 6051b8c..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/booleanvariables.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-booleanvariables:
-
-Booleans
-========
-
-A **boolean** holds one of two values, :ref:`true
-<lang-constants-true>` or :ref:`false <lang-constants-false>`. On a
-Maple, each boolean variable has type ``bool``.
-
-.. warning::
-
- On an Arduino, the type ``boolean`` is also provided. While the
- Maple also has this type for compatibility, **its use is strongly
- discouraged**. The ``bool`` type is a standard part of C++, while
- ``boolean`` is a non-standard extension that serves no purpose.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int ledPin = 13; // LED on pin 13
- int switchPin = 12; // momentary switch on 12, other side connected to ground
-
- // running is a boolean variable:
- bool running = false;
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
- pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
- digitalWrite(switchPin, HIGH); // turn on pullup resistor
- }
-
- void loop() {
- if (digitalRead(switchPin) == LOW) {
- // switch is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
- delay(100); // delay to debounce switch
- running = !running; // toggle running variable
- digitalWrite(ledPin, running) // indicate via LED
- }
- }
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`Boolean constants <lang-constants-bool>`
-- :ref:`Boolean operators <lang-boolean>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/break.rst b/docs/source/lang/break.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ce8ac17..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/break.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-break:
-
-``break``
-=========
-
-``break`` is used to exit from a :ref:`while <lang-while>`\ ,
-:ref:`for <lang-for>`\ , or :ref:`do/while <lang-dowhile>` loop,
-bypassing the normal loop condition. It is also used to exit from a
-:ref:`switch <lang-switchcase>` statement.
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- for (x = 0; x < 255; x ++)
- {
- digitalWrite(PWMpin, x);
- sens = analogRead(sensorPin);
- if (sens > threshold){ // bail out on sensor detect
- x = 0;
- // this line of code means that we'll immediately exit
- // from the "for" loop:
- break;
- }
- delay(50);
- }
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/byte.rst b/docs/source/lang/byte.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 45c9d5f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/byte.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-byte:
-
-byte
-====
-
-The ``byte`` type stores a 1-byte (8-bit) unsigned integer number,
-from 0 to 255.
-
-.. warning::
-
- The ``byte`` type is provided for compatibility with Arduino.
- However, it is a non-standard extension. The standard C++ type for
- storing an 8-bit unsigned integer is ``unsigned char``; we
- recommend using that instead. (Your code will still work on an
- Arduino).
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- byte b = 134;
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`byte() <lang-bytecast>` (casting a value to a byte)
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/bytecast.rst b/docs/source/lang/bytecast.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b3f0de2..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/bytecast.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-bytecast:
-
-byte() (cast)
-=============
-
-Converts a value to the :ref:`byte <lang-byte>` data type.
-
-.. note::
-
- Casting to the byte type is provided for compatibility with
- Arduino. However, the recommended Maple type for storing an 8-bit
- unsigned integer is ``uint8``. (C and C++ programmers: ``stdint.h``
- is also available).
-
- In order to cast a variable ``x`` to a ``uint8``, the
- following syntax can be used::
-
- uint8(x);
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``byte(x)``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: a value of any integer type
-
-
-Returns
--------
-
-The value, converted to a ``byte``. Note, however, that if the value
-is larger than the maximum value you can store in a byte (255), then
-the results might be strange and unexpected.
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-byte`
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/char.rst b/docs/source/lang/char.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b8747f3..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/char.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-char:
-
-``char``
-========
-
-The ``char`` type stores a 1-byte character value (or integer with
-value from -128 to 127). Character literals are written in single
-quotes, like this: ``'A'`` (for multiple characters - strings - use
-double quotes: ``"ABC"``).
-
-
-Just like everything else on a computer, characters are stored as
-numbers. You can see the specific encoding in the `ASCII chart
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters>`_\
-. This means that it is possible to do arithmetic on characters, in
-which the ASCII value of the character is used (e.g. ``'A' + 1`` has the
-decimal value 66, since the ASCII value of the capital letter A in
-decimal is 65). See the :ref:`Serial.println()
-<lang-serial-println>` documentation for more information about how
-characters are converted into numbers.
-
-The ``char`` datatype is a signed type, meaning that it encodes
-numbers from -128 to 127. For an unsigned type, which stores values
-from 0 to 255, just use the type ``unsigned char`` (two words).
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- // the following two lines are equivalent, using the ASCII
- // character encoding:
- char c = 'A';
- char c = 65;
-
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`lang-int`
-- :ref:`lang-array` (a string is just an array of ``char``\ s)
-- :ref:`Serial.println() <lang-serial-println>`
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/charcast.rst b/docs/source/lang/charcast.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index a480dec..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/charcast.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-charcast:
-
-``char()`` (cast)
-=================
-
-Converts a value to the :ref:`char <lang-char>` data type.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-``char(x)``
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: a value of any type
-
-
-Returns
--------
-
-The value, converted to a ``char``. Note, however, that if the value
-is outside the range of a ``char`` (-128 to 127), then the results
-might be strange and unexpected.
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`char <lang-char>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/comments.rst b/docs/source/lang/comments.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index c5f118a..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/comments.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-comments:
-
-Comments
-========
-
-Comments are lines in the program that are used to inform yourself or
-others about the way the program works. They are ignored by the
-compiler, and not exported to the processor, so they don't take up any
-space in RAM or Flash.
-
-One use for comments is to help you understand (or remember) how your
-program works, or to inform others how your program works. There are
-two different ways of making comments.
-
-.. _lang-comments-singleline:
-
-**Single line comment**: Anything following two slashes, ``//``, until
-the end of the line, is a comment::
-
- x = 5; // the rest of this line is a comment
-
-.. _lang-comments-multiline:
-
-**Multi-line comment**: Anything in between a pair of ``/*`` and ``*/``
-is a comment::
-
- /* <-- a slash-star begins a multi-line comment
-
- all of this in the multi-line comment - you can use it to comment
- out whole blocks of code
-
- if (gwb == 0){ // single line comment is OK inside a multi-line comment
- x = 3;
- }
-
- // don't forget the "closing" star-slash - they have to be balanced:
- */
-
-Note that it's okay to use single-line comments within a multi-line
-comment, but you can't use multi-line comments within a multi-line
-comment. Here's an example::
-
- /* ok, i started a multi-line comment
-
- x = 3; /* this next star-slash ENDS the multi-line comment: */
-
- x = 4; // this line is outside of the multi-line comment
-
- // next line is also outside of the comment, and causes a compile error:
- */
-
-Programming Tip
----------------
-
-When experimenting with code, "commenting out" parts of your program
-is a convenient way to remove lines that may be buggy. This leaves
-the lines in the code, but turns them into comments, so the compiler
-just ignores them. This can be especially useful when trying to locate
-a problem, or when a program refuses to compile and the compiler error
-is cryptic or unhelpful.
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/comparison.rst b/docs/source/lang/comparison.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b24355f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/comparison.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-comparison:
-
-Comparison Operators (``==``, ``!=``, ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, ``>=``)
-===================================================================
-
-The comparison operators ``==``, ``!=``, ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, and
-``>=`` are used to compare two numbers. They are :ref:`true
-<lang-constants-true>` when the comparison is true, and :ref:`false
-<lang-constants-false>` otherwise. They are based on the symbols
-=, ≠, <, >, ≤, and ≥ from mathematics.
-
-Here are some examples, with their meaning in comments::
-
- // "eq" is true when x is equal to y
- bool eq = (x == y);
-
- // "neq" is true when x is different than y
- bool neq = (x != y);
-
- // "lt" is true when x is less than, but NOT equal to, y
- bool lt = (x < y);
-
- // "gt" is true when x is greater than, but NOT equal to, y
- bool gt = (x > y);
-
- // "lte" is true when x is less than or equal to y
- bool lte = (x <= y);
-
- // "gte" is true when x is greater than or equal to y
- bool gte = (x >= y);
-
-The parentheses are optional; they are present only for clarity. For
-example, the following two lines are the same::
-
- bool eq = x == y;
-
- bool eq = (x == y);
-
-Uses
-----
-
-Comparison operators, along with :ref:`boolean operators
-<lang-boolean>`, are useful inside the conditionals of :ref:`if
-<lang-if>` statements. Here's one example::
-
- if (x < 50) {
- // only execute these lines if x is less than 50
- SerialUSB.println("delaying:");
- SerialUSB.println(x);
- delay(x);
- }
-
-.. warning::
- Beware of accidentally using the single equal sign (``=``) when you
- meant to test if two numbers are equal (``==``). This is a common
- mistake inside of ``if`` statement conditionals, e.g.::
-
- // DON'T MAKE THIS MISTAKE
- if (x = 10) {
- // body
- }
-
- The single equal sign is the assignment operator, and sets x to 10
- (puts the value 10 into the variable x). Instead use the double equal
- sign (e.g. ``if (x == 10)``), which is the comparison operator, and
- tests *whether* x is equal to 10 or not. The latter statement is only
- true if x equals 10, but the former statement will always be true.
-
- This is because C evaluates the statement ``if (x=10)`` as follows: 10
- is assigned to x (remember that the single equal sign is the
- :ref:`assignment operator <lang-assignment>`), so x now
- contains 10. Then the 'if' conditional evaluates 10, which evaluates
- to :ref:`true <lang-constants-true>`, since any non-zero number
- evaluates to ``true``.
-
- Consequently, the conditional of an ``if`` statement like ``if (x =
- 10) {...}`` will always evaluate to ``true``, and the variable x
- will be set to 10, which is probably not what you meant.
-
- (This sometimes has uses, though, so just because an assignment
- appears within a conditional doesn't mean it's automatically wrong.
- Be careful to know what you mean.)
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/compoundarithmetic.rst b/docs/source/lang/compoundarithmetic.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 420f1db..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/compoundarithmetic.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-compoundarithmetic:
-
-Compound Arithmetic Operators (``+=`` , ``-=``, ``*=``, ``/=``)
-===============================================================
-
-These oparators perform a mathematical operation on a variable with
-another constant or variable. These operators are just a convenient
-shorthand::
-
- x += y; // equivalent to the expression x = x + y;
- x -= y; // equivalent to the expression x = x - y;
- x *= y; // equivalent to the expression x = x * y;
- x /= y; // equivalent to the expression x = x / y;
-
-Here is an example::
-
- int x = 2;
- int y = 10;
-
- x += 4; // x now contains 6
- x -= 3; // x now contains 3
- x *= y; // x now contains 30
- x /= 2; // x now contains 15
- x += max(20, 6); // x now contains 35
- x -= sq(5); // x now contains 15
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: a numeric variable
-
-**y**: a numeric variable, number constant, or any other expression
-that evaluates to a number (e.g. call to a function that returns a
-number).
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Arithmetic operators <lang-arithmetic>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/compoundbitwise.rst b/docs/source/lang/compoundbitwise.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index a4bbb24..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/compoundbitwise.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-compoundbitwise:
-
-Compound Bitwise Operators (``&=``, ``|=``, ``^=``)
-===================================================
-
-The compound bitwise operators perform their calculations at the
-bit level of variables. They are often used to clear and set
-specific bits of a variable.
-
-See the :ref:`bitwise math tutorial <lang-bitwisemath>` for more
-information on bitwise operators.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-.. _lang-compoundbitwise-and:
-
-Compound bitwise AND (``&=``)
------------------------------
-
-The compound bitwise AND operator ``&=`` is often used with a variable
-and a constant to force particular bits in a variable to be zero. This
-is often referred to in programming guides as "clearing" or
-"resetting" bits. In a program, writing the line ``x &= y;`` is
-equivalent to writing ``x = x & y;``. That is, the value of ``x``
-after the line will be equal to its old value bitwise ANDed with the
-value of ``y``::
-
- x &= y; // equivalent to x = x & y;
-
-You can use any integer variable for ``x`` (i.e., any variable of type
-``int``, ``long``, ``char``, ``byte``, etc.). You can use either an
-integer variable or any :ref:`integer value
-<lang-constants-integers>` (like ``3`` or ``0x20``) for ``y``.
-
-Before doing an example of ``&=``, let's first review the Bitwise AND
-(``&``) operator::
-
- 0 0 1 1 operand1
- 0 1 0 1 operand2
- ----------
- 0 0 0 1 (operand1 & operand2) = result
-
-As shown above, bits that are "bitwise ANDed" with 0 become 0, while
-bits that are "bitwise ANDed" with 1 are left unchanged. So, if ``b``
-is a ``byte`` variable, then ``b & B00000000`` equals zero, and ``b &
-B11111111`` equals ``b``.
-
-.. _lang-compoundbitwise-binconst:
-
-.. note:: The above uses :ref:`binary constants
- <lang-constants-integers-bin>`\ . The numbers are still the same
- value in other representations, they just might not be as easy to
- understand.
-
- Normally, in C and C++ code, :ref:`hexadecimal
- <lang-constants-integers-hex>` or :ref:`octal
- <lang-constants-integers-oct>` are used when we're interested in
- an integer's bits, rather than its value as a number.
-
- While hexadecimal and octal literals might be harder to understand
- at first, you should really take the time to learn them. They're
- part of C, C++, and many other programming languages, while binary
- constants are available only for compatibility with Arduino.
-
- Also, ``B00000000`` is shown for clarity, but zero in any number
- format is zero.
-
-So, to clear (set to zero) bits 0 and 1 of a one-byte variable, while
-leaving the rest of the variable's bits unchanged, use the compound
-bitwise AND operator ``&=`` with the constant ``B11111100``
-(hexadecimal ``0xFC``\ )::
-
- 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 variable
- 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 mask
- ----------------------
- 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
- unchanged cleared
-
-
-Here is the same representation with the variable's bits replaced
-with the symbol ``x``\ ::
-
- x x x x x x x x variable
- 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 mask
- ----------------------
- x x x x x x 0 0
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
- unchanged cleared
-
-
-So, using a byte variable ``b``\ , if we say::
-
- b = B10101010; // B10101010 == 0xAA
- b &= B11111100; // B11111100 == 0xFC
-
-then we will have ::
-
- b == B10101000; // B10101000 == 0xA8
-
-.. _lang-compoundbitwise-or:
-
-Compound bitwise OR (``|=``)
-----------------------------
-
-The compound bitwise OR operator ``|=`` is often used with a variable
-and a constant to "set" (set to 1) particular bits in a variable. In
-a program, writing the line ``x |= y;`` is equivalent to writing ``x =
-x | y;``. That is, the value of ``x`` after the line will be equal to
-its old value bitwise ORed with the value of ``y``::
-
- x |= y; // equivalent to x = x | y;
-
-You can use any integer variable for ``x`` (i.e., any variable of type
-``int``, ``long``, ``char``, ``byte``, etc.). You can use either an
-integer variable or any integer value (like ``3`` or ``0x20``) for
-``y``. (This works the same way as :ref:`compound bitwise AND
-<lang-compoundbitwise-and>`\ , ``&=``).
-
-Before doing an example of ``|=``, let's first review the Bitwise OR
-(``|``) operator::
-
- 0 0 1 1 operand1
- 0 1 0 1 operand2
- ----------
- 0 1 1 1 (operand1 | operand2) = result
-
-Bits that are "bitwise ORed" with 0 are unchanged, while bits that are
-"bitwise ORed" with 1 are set to 1. So if ``b`` is a ``byte``
-variable, then ``b | B00000000`` equals ``b``, and ``b & B11111111``
-equals ``B11111111`` (here we've used binary constants; see the
-:ref:`note <lang-compoundbitwise-binconst>` above).
-
-So, to set bits 0 and 1 of a one-byte variable, while leaving the rest
-of the variable unchanged, use the compound bitwise OR operator
-(``|=``) with the constant ``B00000011`` (hexadecimal ``0x3``)::
-
- 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 variable
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 mask
- ----------------------
- 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
- unchanged set
-
-Here is the same representation with the variable's bits replaced with
-the symbol ``x``::
-
- x x x x x x x x variable
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 mask
- ----------------------
- x x x x x x 1 1
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
- unchanged set
-
-So, using a byte variable ``b``, if we say::
-
- b = B10101010; // B10101010 == 0xAA
- b |= B00000011; // B00000011 == 0x3
-
-then we will have ::
-
- b == B10101011; // B10101011 == 0xAB
-
-.. _lang-compoundbitwise-xor:
-
-Compound bitwise XOR (``^=``)
------------------------------
-
-The compound bitwise XOR operator ``^=`` is used with a variable and a
-constant to "toggle" (change 0 to 1, and 1 to 0) particular bits in a
-variable. In a program, writing the line ``x ^= y;`` is equivalent to
-writing ``x = x ^ y;``. That is, the value of ``x`` after the line
-will be equal to its old value bitwise XORed with the value of ``y``::
-
- x ^= y; // equivalent to x = x ^ y;
-
-You can use any integer variable for ``x`` (i.e., any variable of type
-``int``, ``long``, ``char``, ``byte``, etc.). You can use either an
-integer variable or any integer value (like ``3`` or ``0x20``) for
-``y``. (This works the same way as :ref:`&=
-<lang-compoundbitwise-and>` and :ref:`\|=
-<lang-compoundbitwise-or>`; in fact, these three operators all
-work the same in this way).
-
-Before doing an example of ``^=``, let's first review the Bitwise
-XOR operator, ``^``::
-
- 0 0 1 1 operand1
- 0 1 0 1 operand2
- ----------
- 0 1 1 0 (operand1 ^ operand2) = result
-
-One way to look at bitwise XOR is that each bit in the result is a 1
-if the input bits are different, or 0 if they are the same. Another
-way to think about it is that the result bit will be 1 when *exactly*
-one (no more, no less) of the input bits is 1; otherwise, it will be
-zero. This means that if you XOR a bit with 1, it will change (or
-toggle) its value, while if you XOR a bit with 0, it stays the same.
-
-So, to toggle bits 0 and 1 of a one-byte variable, while leaving the
-rest of the variable unchanged, use the compound bitwise XOR operator
-``^=`` with the constant ``B00000011`` (hexadecimal ``0x3``\ ; see
-:ref:`note <lang-compoundbitwise-binconst>` above)::
-
- 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 variable
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 mask
- ----------------------
- 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
- unchanged toggled
-
-So, using a byte variable ``b``, if we say::
-
- b = B10101010; // B10101010 == 0xAA
- b ^= B00000011; // B00000011 == 0x3
-
-then we will have ::
-
- b == B10101001; // B10101001 == 0xA9
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Boolean operations <lang-boolean>` (``&&``, ``||``)
-- :ref:`Bitwise operators <lang-bitwisemath>` (``&``, ``|``, ``^``, ``~``)
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/const.rst b/docs/source/lang/const.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 52de85f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/const.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-const:
-
-``const``
-=========
-
-The ``const`` keyword stands for "constant". It is a variable
-*qualifier* that modifies the behavior of the variable, making a
-variable "*read-only*". This means that the variable can be used just
-as any other variable of its type, but its value cannot be
-changed. You will get a compiler error if you try to assign a value to
-a ``const`` variable.
-
-Constants defined with the ``const`` keyword obey the same rules of
-:ref:`variable scoping <lang-scope>` that govern other
-variables. This, and the pitfalls of using :ref:`#define
-<lang-define>`, often makes using the ``const`` keyword a superior
-method for defining constants than ``#define``.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- // this defines a variable called "pi", which cannot be changed:
- const float pi = 3.14;
- float x;
-
- // ....
-
- x = pi * 2; // it's fine to find the value of a const variable
-
- pi = 7; // illegal - you can't write to (modify) a constant
-
-
-**#define** or **const**
-------------------------
-
-You can use either ``const`` or ``#define`` for creating numeric or
-string constants. For :ref:`arrays <lang-array>`\ , you will need
-to use ``const``. In general, ``const`` is preferred over ``#define``
-for defining constants.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`#define <lang-define>`
-- :ref:`volatile <lang-volatile>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/constants.rst b/docs/source/lang/constants.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index bc5c894..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/constants.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-constants:
-
-Constants
-=========
-
-Constants are like predefined variables, whose values can't
-change. They are used to make the programs easier to read and modify.
-This page describes the most commonly used constants.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-.. _lang-constants-bool:
-
-Boolean Constants
------------------
-
-There are two constants used to represent truth and falsity: ``true``,
-and ``false``.
-
-.. _lang-constants-false:
-
-false
-^^^^^
-
-``false`` is the false ``bool`` value. An integer which is 0 evaluates
-to ``false`` as a boolean.
-
-.. _lang-constants-true:
-
-true
-^^^^
-
-``true`` is the true ``bool`` value. As an integer, ``true`` is often
-said to be 1. This is correct in the sense that ``true`` evaluates to
-1 as an integer. However, any integer which is *non-zero* is ``true``
-as a :ref:`bool <lang-booleanvariables>`. So -1, 2 and -200 are all
-"true", in the sense that these numbers are treated the same as
-``true`` in a boolean context.
-
-Note that the ``true`` and ``false`` constants are typed in lowercase;
-unlike e.g. ``HIGH``, ``LOW``, ``INPUT``, and ``OUTPUT`` (which are
-described below).
-
-
-Pin Levels: HIGH and LOW
-------------------------
-
-When reading or writing to a digital pin there are only two possible
-values a pin can be set to: ``HIGH`` and ``LOW``.
-
-.. _lang-constants-high:
-
-HIGH
-^^^^
-
-The meaning of ``HIGH`` (in reference to a pin) is somewhat different
-depending on whether the pin is set to ``INPUT`` or ``OUTPUT``. When a
-pin is configured as an ``INPUT`` (using :ref:`pinMode()
-<lang-pinmode>`), and read with :ref:`digitalRead()
-<lang-digitalread>`, the microcontroller will report ``HIGH`` if a
-voltage of 3 volts or more is present at the pin.
-
-.. TODO? Following seems false; check it out sometime, leave out for now:
-
-.. A pin may also be configured as an ``INPUT`` with ``pinMode()``, and
-.. subsequently made ``HIGH`` with :ref:`digitalWrite()
-.. <lang-digitalwrite>`, this will set the internal pullup resistors,
-.. which will *steer* the input pin to a HIGH reading unless it is pulled
-.. LOW by external circuitry.
-
-When a pin is configured to ``OUTPUT`` with pinMode, and set to
-``HIGH`` with :ref:`digitalWrite() <lang-digitalwrite>`, the pin is at
-3.3 volts. In this state it can *source* current, e.g. light an LED
-that is connected through a series resistor to ground, or to another
-pin configured as an output and set to ``LOW``.
-
-.. _lang-constants-low:
-
-LOW
-^^^
-
-The meaning of ``LOW`` also has a different meaning depending on
-whether a pin is set to ``INPUT`` or ``OUTPUT``. When a pin is
-configured as an ``INPUT`` with :ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>`, and
-read with :ref:`digitalRead() <lang-digitalread>`, the microcontroller
-will report ``LOW`` if a voltage of 2 volts or less is present at the
-pin.
-
-When a pin is configured to ``OUTPUT`` with ``pinMode()``, and set to
-``LOW`` with :ref:`digitalWrite() <lang-digitalwrite>`, the
-microcontroller will attempt to keep that pin's voltage at 0V. In this
-state it can *sink* current, e.g. light an LED that is connected
-through a series resistor to +3.3V, or to another pin configured as an
-output, and set to ``HIGH``.
-
-Pin Modes
----------
-
-Digital pins can be used in a variety of modes. The basic modes,
-``INPUT`` and ``OUTPUT``, have been introduced above. Changing a pin
-from ``INPUT`` TO ``OUTPUT`` with :ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>`
-drastically changes the electrical behavior of the pin.
-
-This section describes the basic digital pin modes (``INPUT`` and
-``OUTPUT``) only. For a detailed description of all possible pin
-modes, see the :ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>` reference page.
-
-.. _lang-constants-input:
-
-INPUT
-^^^^^
-
-Maple (STM32) pins configured as ``INPUT`` are said to be in a
-high-impedance state. One way of explaining this is that pins
-configured as ``INPUT`` make extremely small demands on the circuit
-that they are sampling. This makes them useful for reading a sensor,
-but not powering an LED.
-
-.. _lang-constants-output:
-
-OUTPUT
-^^^^^^
-
-Pins configured as ``OUTPUT`` with :ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>` are
-said to be in a low-impedance state. This means that they can provide
-a substantial amount of current to other circuits. STM32 pins can
-source (provide positive current) or sink (provide negative current)
-up to 50 mA (milliamps) of current to other devices/circuits. This
-makes them useful for powering LEDs, but useless for reading sensors.
-
-Pins configured as outputs can also be damaged or destroyed if short
-circuited to either ground or 3.3V power rails. The amount of current
-provided by an STM32 pin is also not enough to power most relays or
-motors, and some interface circuitry will be required.
-
-.. _lang-constants-integers:
-
-Integer Constants
------------------
-
-Integer constants (or more properly speaking, integer *literals*) are
-numbers used directly in a sketch, like ``123``. By default, an
-integer literal is treated as a (signed) :ref:`int <lang-int>`, but
-you can change this with the U and L modifiers (see :ref:`below
-<lang-constants-integers-u-l>`). You can specify negative numbers by
-putting a minus sign in front, like ``-123``.
-
-Normally, integer literals are treated as base 10 (decimal) integers,
-but special notation (formatters) may be used to enter numbers in
-other bases. These are summarized in the following table:
-
-.. list-table::
- :header-rows: 1
-
- * - Base
- - Example
- - Formatter
- - Comment
-
- * - 10 (decimal)
- - ``123``
- - None
- -
-
- * - 2 (binary)
- - ``0b1111011``
- - Leading "0b"
- - GCC extension; not standard C++
-
- * - 8 (octal)
- - ``0173``
- - Leading "0"
- - Characters 0-7 valid
-
- * - 16 (hexadecimal)
- - ``0x7B``
- - Leading "0x"
- - Characters 0-9, A-F (or a-f) valid
-
-Binary constants (like ``B1111011``) for values between 0 and 255 are
-supported for compatibility with Arduino only. Their use in new
-programs is discouraged.
-
-.. _lang-constants-integers-dec:
-
-**Decimal** is base 10. This is the common number system we learn in
-school. Integer literals without other prefixes are assumed to be in
-decimal format.
-
-For example, the decimal literal ``101`` is one hundred and one: 1×10\
-:sup:`2` + 0×10\ :sup:`1` + 1×10\ :sup:`0` = 101.
-
-.. _lang-constants-integers-bin:
-
-**Binary** is base two. Only characters 0 and 1 are valid. Binary
-literals are indicated by the prefix ``0b`` (this is a :ref:`GCC
-<arm-gcc>` extension; it's not standard C++).
-
-For example, the binary literal ``0b101`` is five: 1×2\ :sup:`2` +
-0×2\ :sup:`1` + 1×2\ :sup:`0` = 5.
-
-.. _lang-constants-integers-oct:
-
-**Octal** is base eight. Only characters 0 through 7 are valid. Octal
-literals are indicated by the prefix ``0``.
-
-For example, the octal literal ``0101`` is sixty five: 1×8\ :sup:`2` +
-0×8\ :sup:`1` + 1×8\ :sup:`0` = 65.
-
-.. warning:: Bugs sometimes result by (unintentionally) including a
- leading "0" before an integer literal, which makes the compiler
- interpret it in octal.
-
-.. _lang-constants-integers-hex:
-
-**Hexadecimal** (or "hex") is base sixteen. Valid characters are 0
-through 9 and letters A through F; A has the value 10, B is 11, up to
-F, which is 15. Hex values are indicated by the prefix ``0x``. A-F
-may be typed in upper or lower case (a-f).
-
-For example, the hexadecimal literal ``0x101`` is two hundred fifty
-seven: 1×16\ :sup:`2` + 0×16\ :sup:`1` + 1×16\ :sup:`0` = 257.
-
-The hexadecimal literal ``0xCF2`` is three thousand, three hundred
-fourteen: 12×16\ :sup:`2` + 15×16\ :sup:`1` + 2×16\ :sup:`0` = 3314.
-
-(Remember that in hex, ``A`` means 10, and counting up, ``B``\ =11, so
-``C``\ =12 and ``F``\ =15).
-
-.. _lang-constants-integers-u-l:
-
-U and L Suffixes
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-By default, an integer constant is treated as an :ref:`int
-<lang-int>`, with the attendant :ref:`limitations in values
-<lang-int-overflow>`. To specify an integer constant with another data
-type, follow it with:
-
-- a ``u`` or ``U`` to interpret the constant as an unsigned value.
- For example, ``33U`` is an :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`.
-
-- an ``l`` or ``L`` to interpret the constant as a long value. For
- example, ``100000L`` is a :ref:`long <lang-long>`.
-
-- a ``ul`` or ``UL`` to do both. For example, ``32767UL`` is an
- :ref:`unsigned long <lang-unsignedlong>`.
-
-.. _lang-constants-fp:
-
-Floating-Point Constants
-------------------------
-
-Similar to integer literals, floating point constants (properly:
-floating-point *literals*) are used to make code more readable.
-Floating point literals are swapped at compile time for the value to
-which the expression evaluates.
-
-A floating point literal is any number which includes a decimal point.
-For instance, ``3.0`` is a floating-point literal for the number 3.
-By default, a floating-point literal is a :ref:`double <lang-double>`.
-In order for the literal to be interpreted as a :ref:`float
-<lang-float>`, you can write ``f`` directly after it. For example,
-``3.0f`` is a floating-point literal with type ``float``.
-
-Floating point constants can also be expressed in a variety of
-scientific notation. ``E`` and ``e`` are both accepted as valid
-exponent indicators. Some examples are given in the following table:
-
-
-.. list-table::
- :header-rows: 1
-
- * - Floating-point literal
- - Evaluates to
- - Alternate expression
-
- * - ``10.0``
- - 10
- -
-
- * - ``2.34E5``
- - 2.34×10\ :sup:`5`
- - ``234000.0``
-
- * - ``67e-12``
- - 67.0×10\ :sup:`-12`
- - ``0.000000000067``
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>`
-- :ref:`Boolean Variables <lang-booleanvariables>`
-- :ref:`#define <lang-define>`
-- :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-- :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`
-- :ref:`long <lang-long>`
-- :ref:`unsigned long <lang-unsignedlong>`
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/constrain.rst b/docs/source/lang/constrain.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index d19b61c..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/constrain.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-constrain:
-
-constrain()
-===========
-
-(Macro) Constrains a number to be within a range.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- constrain(x, a, b)
-
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: the number to constrain
-
-**a**: the lower end of the range
-
-**b**: the upper end of the range
-
-Returns
--------
-
-**x**: if **x** is between **a** and **b**
-
-**a**: if **x** is less than **a**
-
-**b**: if **x** is greater than **b**
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- // limits range of sensor values to between 10 and 150:
- sensVal = constrain(sensVal, 10, 150);
-
-
-Warning
--------
-
-Because of the way ``constrain()`` is implemented, avoid using other
-functions or causing side effects inside the parentheses, as it may
-lead to incorrect results::
-
- constrain(x,a++,b); // avoid this - yields incorrect results
-
- constrain(x,a,b); // use this instead-
- a++; // keep other math outside constrain()
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Maple's implementation of ``constrain()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`min() <lang-min>`
-- :ref:`max() <lang-max>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/continue.rst b/docs/source/lang/continue.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 13d1815..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/continue.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-continue:
-
-``continue``
-============
-
-The ``continue`` keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of a
-:ref:`while <lang-while>`\ , :ref:`for <lang-for>`\ , or
-:ref:`do/while <lang-dowhile>` loop. It continues by checking the
-conditional expression of the loop, and proceeding with any subsequent
-iterations.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
-
- for (x = 0; x < 255; x ++) {
- if (x > 40 && x < 120) { // create jump in values
- continue; // skips the next two lines and goes to the
- // beginning of the loop, with the next value of x
- }
-
- digitalWrite(PWMpin, x);
- delay(50);
- }
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/cos.rst b/docs/source/lang/cos.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 3fbb0af..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/cos.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-cos:
-
-cos()
-=====
-
-Calculates the cosine of an angle.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: cos
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple ``cos()`` implementation is compatible with Arduino.
-
-Note that the Maple implementation comes from `newlib
-<http://sourceware.org/newlib/>`_\ , while Arduino's is that of
-`avr-libc <http://avr-libc.nongnu.org/>`_\ .
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`sin() <lang-sin>`
-- :ref:`tan() <lang-tan>`
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/curly-braces.rst b/docs/source/lang/curly-braces.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index a4bd3dc..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/curly-braces.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-curly-braces:
-
-Curly Braces (``{``, ``}``)
-===========================
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Introduction
-------------
-
-Curly braces (also referred to as just "braces" or as "curly
-brackets") are a major part of the C and C++ programming
-languages. They are used in several different constructs, outlined
-below, and this can sometimes be confusing for beginners.
-
-An opening curly brace, ``{`` must always be followed by a closing
-curly brace ``}``. This is a condition that is often referred to as
-the braces being *balanced*. The Maple IDE (integrated development
-environment) includes a convenient feature to check the balance of
-curly braces. Just select a brace, or even click the insertion point
-immediately following a brace, and its companion will be highlighted\
-[#fbug]_\ .
-
-Beginning programmers, and programmers coming to C++ from languages
-without braces, often find using them confusing or daunting.
-
-Because the use of the curly brace is so varied, it is good
-programming practice to type the closing brace immediately after
-typing the opening brace when inserting a construct which requires
-curly braces. Then insert some blank lines between your braces and
-begin inserting statements. Your braces, and your attitude, will never
-become unbalanced.
-
-Unbalanced braces can often lead to cryptic, impenetrable compiler
-errors that can sometimes be hard to track down in a large program.
-Because of their varied usages, braces are also incredibly important
-to the syntax of a program and moving a brace one or two lines will
-usually dramatically affect the meaning of a program.
-
-The main uses of curly braces
------------------------------
-
-**Functions**::
-
- // a function body needs braces around it
- void myFunction(datatype argument) {
- // ... function body goes in here ...
- }
-
-**Loops** (see the :ref:`while <lang-while>`\ , :ref:`for
-<lang-for>`\ , and :ref:`do/while <lang-dowhile>` loop reference
-pages for more information)::
-
- // you should put braces around the body of a loop:
-
- while (boolean expression) {
- // code inside the loop goes here
- }
-
- for (initialisation; termination condition; incrementing expr) {
- // code inside the loop goes here
- }
-
- do {
- // code inside the loop goes here
- } while (boolean expression);
-
-
-**Conditional statements** (see the :ref:`if statement <lang-if>`
-reference page for more information)::
-
- // you should put braces around the body of an "if", "else if",
- // or "else":
-
- if (boolean expression) {
- // code inside the "if"
- }
- else if (boolean expression) {
- // code inside the "else if"
- }
- else {
- // code inside the "else"
- }
-
-**Switch statements** (see the :ref:`switch statement
-<lang-switchcase>` reference page for more information)::
-
- switch (var) {
- case 1:
- doThing1();
- break;
- case 2:
- doThing2();
- break;
- }
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. TODO remove this once IDE 0.1.0 released
-
-.. [#fbug] At present this feature is slightly buggy as the IDE will
- often find (incorrectly) a brace in text that has been commented
- out.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/define.rst b/docs/source/lang/define.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 677390d..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/define.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-define:
-
-``#define``
-===========
-
-``#define`` is a useful C and C++ feature that allows the programmer
-to give a name to a constant value before the program is compiled.
-The compiler will replace references to these constants with the
-defined value at compile time.
-
-This can have some unwanted side effects. In general, the :ref:`const
-<lang-const>` keyword is preferred for defining constants.
-
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-The following line would define the name ``MY_CONSTANT`` to have value
-``value``::
-
- #define MY_CONSTANT value
-
-Note that the ``#`` is necessary. It is usually good style for the
-name to be capitalized, although this is not required.
-
-There is no semicolon after the #define statement. If you include one,
-the compiler will likely throw cryptic errors in unrelated places.
-That is, **don't do this**::
-
- // DON'T DO THIS! THE SEMICOLON SHOULDN'T BE THERE!
- #define NAME value;
-
-Similarly, including an equal sign after the ``#define`` line will
-also generate a cryptic compiler error further down the page. That
-is, **don't do this, either**::
-
- // DON'T DO THIS, EITHER! THE EQUALS SIGN SHOULDN'T BE THERE!
- #define NAME = value
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- #define LED_PIN 13
- // The compiler will replace any mention of LED_PIN with
- // the value 3 at compile time.
-
-See Also
---------
-- :ref:`const <lang-const>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/delay.rst b/docs/source/lang/delay.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 90ca268..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/delay.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-delay:
-
-delay()
-=======
-
-Pauses the program for at least a given number of milliseconds. (There
-are 1000 milliseconds in a second.)
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: delay
-
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-While it is easy to create a blinking LED with the ``delay()``
-function, and many sketches use short delays for such tasks as switch
-debouncing, the use of ``delay()`` in a sketch has significant
-drawbacks. No other reading of sensors, mathematical calculations, or
-pin manipulation can go on during the delay function, so in effect, it
-brings most other activity to a halt. For alternative approaches to
-controlling timing see the :ref:`millis() <lang-millis>` function
-and the "Blink Without Delay" sketch cited :ref:`below
-<lang-delay-seealso>`\ . More knowledgeable programmers usually
-avoid the use of ``delay()`` for timing of events longer than tens of
-milliseconds, unless the sketch is very simple.
-
-Certain things *do* go on while the ``delay()`` function is
-controlling the STM32 chip, however, because the delay function does
-not disable interrupts. Serial communication that appears at the RX
-pin is recorded, PWM (see :ref:`pwmWrite() <lang-pwmwrite>`\ ) values
-and pin states are maintained, and :ref:`interrupts
-<lang-attachinterrupt>` will work as they should.
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to pin 13
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output
- }
-
- void loop() {
- digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // sets the LED on
- delay(1000); // waits for a second
- digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // sets the LED off
- delay(1000); // waits for a second
- }
-
-.. _lang-delay-seealso:
-
-See also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`millis() <lang-millis>`
-- :ref:`micros() <lang-micros>`
-- :ref:`delayMicroseconds() <lang-delayMicroseconds>`
-- (Arduino) `Blink Without Delay
- <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BlinkWithoutDelay>`_ example (works
- unmodified on Maple)
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/delaymicroseconds.rst b/docs/source/lang/delaymicroseconds.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 24a8286..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/delaymicroseconds.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-delaymicroseconds:
-
-delayMicroseconds()
-===================
-
-Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds)
-specified as parameter. There are a thousand microseconds in a
-millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: delayMicroseconds
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-The following example configures pin number 8 to work as an output
-pin, and sends a train of pulses with a period of roughly 100
-microseconds::
-
- int outPin = 8;
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(outPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output
- }
-
- void loop() {
- digitalWrite(outPin, HIGH); // sets the pin on
- delayMicroseconds(50); // pauses for 50 microseconds
- digitalWrite(outPin, LOW); // sets the pin off
- delayMicroseconds(50); // pauses for 50 microseconds
- }
-
-
-Caveats and Known Issues
-------------------------
-
-The longest time ``delayMicroseconds()`` can delay is bounded by its
-argument type and the STM32 clock rate to be (2^32 - 1) / 12
-microseconds, or less than 6 minutes. For longer pauses, use of
-:ref:`lang-delay` is possible.
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-While we have made every effort we could to ensure that the timing of
-delayMicroseconds is as accurate as possible, we cannot guarantee it
-will behave as the Arduino implementation down to the microsecond,
-especially for smaller values of ``us``.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`millis <lang-millis>`
-- :ref:`micros <lang-micros>`
-- :ref:`delay <lang-delay>`
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/detachinterrupt.rst b/docs/source/lang/detachinterrupt.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index adb2439..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/detachinterrupt.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-detachinterrupt:
-
-detachInterrupt()
-=================
-
-Used to disable an interrupt specified with
-:ref:`lang-attachinterrupt`\ .
-
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: detachInterrupt
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-There is one important difference between the Maple version of
-detachInterrupt and the Arduino version. On the Maple, the argument
-to ``detachInterrupt()`` is the *pin* on which the interrupt is
-attached, while on the Arduino, the argument is the *interrupt
-number*, which is different from the pin the interrupt is enabled on.
-
-If you're calling this function, you've already called
-:ref:`lang-attachinterrupt` to set up your interrupt handler, so
-just call ``detachInterrupt()`` with the same pin argument you gave to
-``attachInterrupt()``.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`attachInterrupt() <lang-attachInterrupt>`
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/digitalread.rst b/docs/source/lang/digitalread.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 3502587..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/digitalread.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-digitalread:
-
-digitalRead()
-=============
-
-Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either :ref:`HIGH
-<lang-constants-high>` or :ref:`LOW <lang-constants-low>`.
-
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: digitalRead
-
-
-Example
--------
-
-The following example turns the LED on when the button is pressed::
-
- int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to Maple pin 13
- int buttonPin = 38; // BUT connected to Maple pin 38
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
- pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- int val = digitalRead(buttonPin); // reads the input pin
- digitalWrite(ledPin, val);
- }
-
-Note
-----
-
-If the pin isn't connected to anything, ``digitalRead()`` can return
-either HIGH or LOW (and this can change in a way that seems random).
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple version of ``digitalRead()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`pinMode <lang-pinMode>`
-- :ref:`digitalWrite <lang-digitalWrite>`
-
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/digitalwrite.rst b/docs/source/lang/digitalwrite.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 6124d5f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/digitalwrite.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-digitalwrite:
-
-digitalWrite()
-==============
-
-Write a :ref:`HIGH <lang-constants-high>` or a :ref:`LOW
-<lang-constants-low>` value to a pin configured as :ref:`OUTPUT
-<lang-constants-output>`.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: digitalWrite
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-If the pin has been configured as an ``OUTPUT`` with :ref:`pinMode()
-<lang-pinmode>` its voltage will be set to the corresponding value:
-3.3V for ``HIGH``, and 0V (ground) for ``LOW``.
-
-.. TODO make the following paragraphs true, but refer the reader to
-.. INPUT_PULLUP and INPUT_PULLDOWN:
-
-If the pin is configured as an ``INPUT``, writing a ``HIGH`` value
-with ``digitalWrite()`` will enable an internal pullup resistor.
-Writing ``LOW`` will disable the pullup. The pullup resistor is enough
-to light an LED dimly, so if LEDs appear to work, but very dimly, this
-is a likely cause. The remedy is to set the pin to an output with the
-:ref:`pinMode() <lang-pinmode>` function.
-
-.. note:: Pin 13 is harder to use as an input than the other pins
- because it has an LED and resistor soldered to it in series. If you
- enable its internal pull-up resistor, it will likely hang at around
- 1.1V instead of the expected 3.3V because the onboard LED and
- series resistor pull the voltage level down. If you must use pin 13
- as a digital input, use an external pull-down resistor.
-
-Example
--------
-
-The following example sets pin 13 to ``HIGH``, makes a one-second-long
-delay, sets the pin back to ``LOW``, and delays again, causing a
-blinking pattern::
-
-
- int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output
- }
-
- void loop() {
- digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // sets the LED on
- delay(1000); // waits for a second
- digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // sets the LED off
- delay(1000); // waits for a second
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`pinMode <lang-pinmode>`
-- :ref:`digitalRead <lang-digitalread>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/double.rst b/docs/source/lang/double.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 1527778..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/double.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-double:
-
-``double``
-==========
-
-Double precision floating point type. Occupies 8 bytes. On Maple, the
-``double`` type has a range of approximately -1.79769×10^308 to
-1.79769×10^308; the ``double`` type subject to the same :ref:`overflow
-issues <lang-variables-rollover>` as any numeric data type.
-
-Floating point numbers are not exact, and may yield strange results
-when compared. For example ``6.0 / 3.0`` may not equal ``2.0``. You
-should instead check that the absolute value of the difference between
-the numbers is less than some small number.
-
-Floating point math is also much slower than integer math in
-performing calculations, so should be avoided if, for example, a loop
-has to run at top speed for a critical timing function. Programmers
-often go to some lengths to convert floating point calculations to
-integer math to increase speed.
-
-For more information, see the `Wikipedia article on floating point
-math <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point>`_\ .
-
-Floating-point numbers represent numbers with "decimal point", unlike
-integral types, which always represent whole numbers. Floating-point
-numbers are often used to approximate analog and continuous values
-because they have greater resolution than integers.
-
-The double implementation on the Maple uses twice the number of bytes
-as a :ref:`float <lang-float>`, with the corresponding gains in
-precision.
-
-Tip
----
-
-Users who borrow code from other sources that includes ``double``
-variables may wish to examine the code to see if the implied range and
-precision are different from that actually achieved on the Maple.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/doublecast.rst b/docs/source/lang/doublecast.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 511fe24..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/doublecast.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-doublecast:
-
-``double()`` (cast)
-===================
-
-Converts a value to the :ref:`double <lang-double>` floating point
-data type. Here is an example::
-
- int x = 2;
- double d = double(x); // d now holds 2.0, a double value
-
-The value ``x`` can be of any type. However, if ``x`` is not a number
-(like an ``int`` or ``long``), you will get strange results.
-
-See the :ref:`double <lang-double>` reference for details about the
-precision and limitations of ``double`` values on the Maple.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`float() <lang-floatcast>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/dowhile.rst b/docs/source/lang/dowhile.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index fe92226..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/dowhile.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-dowhile:
-
-``do``/``while``
-================
-
-A ``do`` loop works in the same manner as a :ref:`while
-<lang-while>` loop, with the exception that the condition is tested
-at the end of the loop, so the ``do`` loop will *always* run at least
-once.
-
-This is the basic syntax::
-
- do {
- // statement block
- } while (test condition);
-
-Example::
-
- do {
- delay(50); // wait for sensors to stabilize
- x = readSensors(); // check the sensors
- } while (x < 100);
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/enum.rst b/docs/source/lang/enum.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ba82383..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/enum.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-enum:
-
-``enum``
-========
-
-The ``enum`` keyword is used to specify an enumeration type. An
-enumeration type is a type whose values are taken from a specified,
-fixed list of constant values.
-
-Example
--------
-
-Here's an example defining an enumeration type called ``weather``,
-which has values ``HOT``, ``COMFY``, and ``COLD``::
-
- enum weather {HOT, COMFY, COLD};
-
-Once you've defined this type, you can create variables of type
-``weather``, in the same way you would with an :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-or a :ref:`long <lang-long>`::
-
- // create a weather variable named theWeather, with value COMFY:
- weather theWeather = COMFY;
-
-Enumeration types are useful within :ref:`switch statements
-<lang-switchcase>`. If you know that an argument is of an enumeration
-type, you can make ``case`` statements for all of that type's possible
-values, so you know you won't miss anything::
-
- void describeWeather(weather currentWeather) {
- switch(currentWeather) {
- case HOT:
- SerialUSB.println("it's hot out");
- break;
- case COMFY:
- SerialUSB.println("it's nice today");
- break;
- case COLD:
- SerialUSB.println("it's freezing!");
- break;
- }
- }
-
-Such a ``switch`` statement would need no :ref:`default
-<lang-switchcase-default>`, since we know that ``currentWeather`` must
-be either ``HOT``, ``COMFY``, or ``COLD``.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-switchcase`
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/float.rst b/docs/source/lang/float.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 6937c8c..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/float.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-float:
-
-``float``
-=========
-
-Single-precision floating point number. Occupies 4 bytes. On Maple,
-the ``float`` type has a range of approximately -3.40282×10^38 to
-3.40282×10^38; the ``float`` type is subject to the same
-:ref:`overflow issues <lang-variables-rollover>` as any numeric data
-type.
-
-``float``\ s have only 6-7 decimal digits of precision. That means the
-total number of digits, not the number to the right of the decimal
-point. You can get more precision by using a :ref:`double
-<lang-double>` (which has a precision of about 16 decimal digits).
-
-The following example declares a ``float`` value named ``myfloat``::
-
- float myfloat;
-
-This example declares a ``float`` value named ``sensorCalibrate``,
-with value 1.117::
-
- float sensorCalibrate = 1.117;
-
-The general syntax for declaring a float named ``var`` with value
-``val`` is::
-
- float var = val;
-
-Here is a more extended example involving a :ref:`float cast
-<lang-floatcast>`::
-
- int x;
- int y;
- float z;
-
- x = 1;
- y = x / 2; // y now contains 0, ints can't hold fractions
- z = float(x) / 2; // z now contains .5
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/floatcast.rst b/docs/source/lang/floatcast.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 4766478..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/floatcast.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-floatcast:
-
-``float()`` (cast)
-==================
-
-Converts a value to the :ref:`float <lang-float>` data type. Here is
-an example (see the :ref:`constants reference <lang-constants-fp>` for
-an explanation of the "2.0f")::
-
- int x = 2;
- float f = float(x); // f now holds 2.0f, a float value
-
-The value ``x`` can be of any type. However, if ``x`` is not a number
-(like an ``int``), you will get strange results.
-
-See the :ref:`float <lang-float>` reference for details about the
-precision and limitations of ``float`` values on the Maple.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-- :ref:`double() <lang-doublecast>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/for.rst b/docs/source/lang/for.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 71c5aca..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/for.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-for:
-
-``for``
-=======
-
-A ``for`` loop is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in
-curly braces. ``for`` loops are useful for performing repetitive
-operations, and are often used in combination with :ref:`arrays
-<lang-array>` to operate on collections of data or multiple
-:ref:`pins <gpio>`. A ``for`` loop is composed of two parts: first, a
-*header*, which sets up the for loop, and then a *body*, which is made
-up of lines of code enclosed in curly braces.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-There are three parts to the ``for`` loop header: an *initialization*
-expression, *loop condition* expression, and a *post-loop*
-expression. The general syntax looks like this::
-
- for (initialization; condition; post-loop) {
- // all of these lines inside the curly braces are part
- // of the loop body.
- statement 1;
- statement 2;
- ...
- }
-
-(Note that there is no semicolon after the post-loop). The
-initialization happens first and exactly once, before the loop begins.
-Each time through the loop, the condition is tested. The condition is
-a :ref:`boolean <lang-boolean>` expression. If it is true, then the
-list of statements inside the curly braces are executed. Next, the
-post-loop is executed. The loop then begins again by evaluating the
-condition again, entering the loop body if it is true. This proceeds
-until the condition becomes false.
-
-Examples
---------
-
-Here's an example::
-
- // Dim an LED using a PWM pin
- int pwmPin = 9; // LED in series with 470 ohm resistor on pin 9
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(pwmPin, PWM);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- for (int i=0; i <= 65535; i++) {
- pwmWrite(pwmPin, i);
- delay(1);
- }
- }
-
-There is a ``for`` loop In the :ref:`loop() <lang-loop>` function of
-the above example. This loop starts by declaring an ``int`` variable
-named ``i``, whose value starts out at zero. The loop proceeds by
-checking if ``i`` is less than or equal to 65535. Since ``i`` is
-zero, this is true, and so the calls to :ref:`pwmWrite()
-<lang-pwmwrite>` and :ref:`delay() <lang-delay>` happen next. At this
-point, the post-loop expression ``i++`` is evaluated, which
-:ref:`increments <lang-increment>` ``i``, so that ``i`` becomes one.
-That concludes the first time through the loop. Each "time through
-the loop" is referred to as an *iteration*.
-
-The loop then jumps back to the beginning, checking the condition as
-the beginning of its second iteration (initialization is skipped,
-since this only happens once, before the first iteration). One is
-less than 65535, so the loop statements are executed again. This
-proceeds over and over until the iteration when ``i`` finally
-reaches 65536. At that point, the condition is no longer true, so the
-loop stops executing, and the ``loop()`` function returns.
-
-Here's another example, using a ``for`` loop to brighten and fade an
-LED (see the :ref:`pwmWrite() <lang-pwmwrite>` reference for more
-information)::
-
- int pwmPin = 9; // hook up the LED to pin 9
- void loop() {
- int x = 1;
- for (int i = 0; i >= 0; i += x) {
- analogWrite(pwmPin, i); // controls the brightness of the LED
- if (i == 65535) {
- x = -1; // switch direction, so i starts decreasing
- }
- delay(1);
- }
- }
-
-Coding Tips
------------
-
-The C ``for`` loop is more flexible than ``for`` loops found in some
-other computer languages, including BASIC. Any or all of the three
-header elements may be left blank, although the semicolons are
-required. Also the statements for initialization, condition, and
-post-loop can be any valid C statements, and use any C datatypes,
-including :ref:`floating point numbers <lang-double>`. These types
-of unusual ``for`` loops sometimes provide solutions to less-common
-programming problems.
-
-For example, using a multiplication in the post-loop line will
-generate a `geometric progression
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_progression>`_::
-
- for(int x = 1; x <= 100; x = x * 2) {
- SerialUSB.println(x);
- }
-
-
-This loop prints out the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 64. Check
-your understanding of ``for`` loops by answering the following two
-questions (answers are in footnote [#fanswers]_\ ):
-
-1. How many iterations occur before the loop finishes?
-
-2. Why does it stop at 64?
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`while <lang-while>` loops
-- :ref:`do <lang-dowhile>` loops
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. [#fanswers]
- 1. Seven.
-
- 2. After the seventh iteration, the post-loop causes ``x`` to
- equal 128. This is larger than 100, so the loop condition is
- false, and the loop stops.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/goto.rst b/docs/source/lang/goto.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ff2f248..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/goto.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-goto:
-
-Labels and ``goto``
-===================
-
-A *label* gives a name to a line of code within a function. You can
-label a line by writing a name for it, then a colon (``:``), before
-the line starts. The ``goto`` keyword allows program flow to transfer
-to a labeled line from anywhere within the same function.
-
-.. warning:: The use of ``goto`` is discouraged in C and C++
- programming. It is *never necessary* to use ``goto`` to write a
- program.
-
- Unless you know what you're doing, using ``goto`` tends to
- encourage code which is harder to debug and understand than
- programs without ``goto`` that do the same thing. That said,
- however, it's sometimes useful; :ref:`see below <goto-when-to-use>`
- for a concrete example.
-
-Using Labels and goto
----------------------
-
-Labels and ``goto`` are probably best explained through example.
-Let's start with an example of how to label lines. The first line
-(``int x = analogRead(some_pin);``) in the :ref:`loop <lang-loop>`
-function below has label ``readpin``. The third line (``delay(x);``)
-has label ``startdelay``. The second line (``SerialUSB.println(x);``)
-does not have a label::
-
- void loop() {
- readpin:
- int x = analogRead(some_pin);
- SerialUSB.println(x); // for debugging
- startdelay:
- delay(x);
- // ... more code ...
- }
-
-Anything which can be a :ref:`variable <lang-variables>` name can
-be a label.
-
-Let's say that we wanted to print ``x`` only if it was very large, say
-at least 2000. We might want to do this just so anybody watching on a
-:ref:`serial monitor <ide-serial-monitor>` would know they were in for
-a longer wait than usual. We can accomplish this through the use of a
-``goto`` statement that skips the printing if ``x`` is less than
-2000::
-
- void loop() {
- readpin:
- int x = analogRead(some_pin);
- if (x < 2000) {
- goto startdelay;
- }
- SerialUSB.println(x); // for debugging
- startdelay:
- delay(x);
- // ... more code ...
- }
-
-In this modified program, whenever ``x`` is less than 2000, the body
-of the :ref:`if <lang-if>` statement in the second line is
-executed. The ``goto`` statement inside the ``if`` body skips
-straight to the line labeled ``startdelay``, passing over the line
-doing the printing.
-
-A ``goto`` does not have to "move forwards"; it can go "backwards",
-too. For example, the following program prints "5" forever (why?)::
-
- void loop() {
- printfive:
- SerialUSB.println(5);
- goto printfive;
- SerialUSB.println(6);
- }
-
-.. _goto-when-to-use:
-
-When to Use goto
-----------------
-
-As mentioned above, use of ``goto`` is `generally discouraged
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto#Criticism_and_decline>`_. However,
-when used with care, ``goto`` can simplify certain programs. One
-important use case for ``goto`` is breaking out of deeply nested
-:ref:`for <lang-for>` loops or :ref:`if <lang-if>` logic blocks.
-Here's an example::
-
- for(int r = 0; r < 255; r++) {
- for(int g = 255; g > -1; g--) {
- for(int b = 0; b < 255; b++) {
- if (analogRead(0) > 250) {
- goto bailout;
- }
- // more statements ...
- }
- // innermost loop ends here
- }
- }
- bailout:
- // more code here
-
-In the above example, whenever the :ref:`analog reading
-<lang-analogread>` on pin 0 was greater than 250, the program would
-jump to the line labeled ``bailout``, exiting all three loops at once.
-
-While there is already a :ref:`break <lang-break>` keyword for
-breaking out of a loop, it will only break out of the *innermost*
-loop. So, if instead of saying "``goto bailout;``", there was a
-"``break;``" instead, the program would only exit from the loop with
-header "``for(int b = 0; b < 255; b++)``". The program would continue
-at the line which reads "``// innermost loop ends here``", which is
-clearly undesirable if you wanted to leave all three loops at once.
-
-More examples of when ``goto`` is a good choice are given in Donald
-Knuth's paper, "Structured Programming with go to Statements"; see
-below for a link.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- Dijkstra, Edsger W. `Go To Statement Considered Harmful <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.92.4846&rep=rep1&type=pdf>`_ (PDF)
-
-- Knuth, Donald. `Structured Programming with go to Statements <http://pplab.snu.ac.kr/courses/adv_pl05/papers/p261-knuth.pdf>`_ (PDF)
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/highbyte.rst b/docs/source/lang/highbyte.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 50a1fa6..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/highbyte.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-highbyte:
-
-highByte()
-==========
-
-(Macro) Extracts the second lowest byte of an integral data type.
-
-.. warning:: This macro is provided for compatibility with Arduino
- only. It returns the second-least significant byte in an integral
- value. It makes sense to call this the "high" byte on a 16-bit
- ``int`` microcontroller like the Atmel chips on Arduinos, but it
- makes no sense at all on a 32-bit microcontroller like the STM32s
- in the Maple line.
-
- In short: we provide this so that existing Arduino code works as
- expected, but **strongly discourage its use** in new programs.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- highByte(x)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: a value of any integral type.
-
-Returns
--------
-
-Second lowest byte in **x**.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int x = 0xDEADBEEF;
- SerialUSB.println(x, HEX); // prints "BE"
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple version of ``highByte()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lowByte() <lang-lowbyte>`
-
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/if.rst b/docs/source/lang/if.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index bef89e2..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/if.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-if:
-
-``if``/``else``
-===============
-
-An ``if`` statement is used to execute code when certain conditions
-are met. The general syntax for an ``if`` statement is::
-
- if (condition) {
- body
- }
-
-An ``if`` statement first tests whether its *condition* is true (such
-as an input being above a certain number). If the condition is true,
-the ``if`` statement executes its *body*, which is made up of lines of
-code inside :ref:`curly braces <lang-curly-braces>`. If the condition
-is false, the body is not executed. Here's a more concrete example::
-
- if (someVariable > 50) {
- // do something here
- }
-
-The program tests to see if ``someVariable`` is greater than 50. If it
-is, the program executes every line in the curly braces (which in the
-above example does nothing, since the body is just the :ref:`comment
-<lang-comments>` line "``// do something here``").
-
-Put another way, if the statement in parentheses is true, the
-statements inside the braces are run. If not, the program skips over
-the code.
-
-An ``if`` statement's condition (which is inside the parentheses after
-``if``) often uses one or more :ref:`boolean <lang-boolean>` or
-:ref:`comparison <lang-comparison>` operators.
-
-Writing the if Body
--------------------
-
-The brackets may be omitted after an ``if`` statement's
-conditional. If this is done, the next line (which ends in a
-semicolon) becomes the only line in the body. The following three
-``if`` statements all do the same thing::
-
- if (x > 120) digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
-
- if (x > 120)
- digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
-
- if (x > 120) {
- digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
- }
-
-However, the following two examples are different::
-
- // example 1: two lines of code in the if body
- if (x > 120) {
- digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);
- digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);
- }
-
- // example 2: one line of code in the if body, and
- // another line of code after the if statement
- if (x > 120)
- digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); // this is in the if body
- digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); // this is NOT in the if body
-
-In the first example, since the body is enclosed in curly braces, both
-lines are included. In the second example, since the curly braces are
-missing, only the first line is in the ``if`` body.
-
-``else``
---------
-
-``if``/\ ``else`` allows greater control over the flow of code than
-the basic :ref:`if <lang-if>` statement, by allowing multiple tests to
-be grouped together. For example, an :ref:`analog input
-<lang-analogread>` could be tested, with one action taken if the input
-was less than 500, and another action taken if the input was 500 or
-greater. The code would look like this::
-
- if (pinFiveInput < 500) {
- // action A
- } else {
- // action B
- }
-
-``else`` can precede another ``if`` test, so that multiple, mutually
-exclusive tests can be run at the same time.
-
-Each test will proceed to the next one until a true test is
-encountered. When a true test is found, its associated block of code
-is run, and the program then skips to the line following the entire
-if/else construction. If no test proves to be true, the default
-``else`` block is executed, if one is present, and sets the default
-behavior.
-
-Note that an ``else if`` block may be used with or without a
-terminating ``else`` block, and vice-versa. An unlimited number of
-such ``else if`` branches is allowed. Here is a code example::
-
- if (pinFiveInput < 500) {
- // do Thing A
- } else if (pinFiveInput >= 1000) {
- // do Thing B
- } else {
- // do Thing C
- }
-
-Another way to express branching, mutually exclusive tests, is with a
-:ref:`switch/case <lang-switchcase>` statement.
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`boolean operators <lang-boolean>`
-- :ref:`comparison operators <lang-comparison>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/include.rst b/docs/source/lang/include.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 74fe7af..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/include.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-include:
-
-``#include``
-============
-
-``#include`` is used to include outside libraries in your sketch.
-This gives the programmer access to a large group of standard C
-libraries (groups of pre-made functions and data types), and also
-libraries written especially for Maple.
-
-Example
--------
-
-This example (from the `Arduino LiquidCrystal Tutorial
-<http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystal>`_) includes a library
-that is used to control :ref:`LCD displays
-<libraries-liquid-crystal>`::
-
- // include the library code:
- #include <LiquidCrystal.h>
-
- // initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
- LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
-
- void setup() {
- // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
- lcd.begin(16, 2);
- // Print a message to the LCD.
- lcd.print("hello, world!");
- }
-
- void loop() {
- // set the cursor to column 0, line 1
- // (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
- lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
- // print the number of seconds since reset:
- lcd.print(millis()/1000);
- }
-
-Note that a ``#include`` line, like :ref:`#define <lang-define>`,
-has **no semicolon**. The compiler will print strange error messages
-if you add one.
-
-C Standard Library
-------------------
-
-The standard C library that comes with Maple is called `newlib
-<http://sourceware.org/newlib/>`_. Its main sources of documentation
-are its `main reference <http://sourceware.org/newlib/libc.html>`_
-page and its `math functions
-<http://sourceware.org/newlib/libm.html>`_ reference page. Here's an
-example that imports the math.h library in order to take the `cube
-root <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_root>`_ of a number::
-
- #include <math.h>
-
- void setup() {
- // no setup necessary
- }
-
- void loop() {
- // "cbrt" stands for "cube root"
- double cubeRootOf3 = cbrt(3.0);
- // prints a number that is approximately the cube root of 3:
- SerialUSB.println(cubeRootOf3);
- }
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/increment.rst b/docs/source/lang/increment.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 6dffa80..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/increment.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-increment:
-
-Increment and Decrement Operators (``++``, ``--``)
-==================================================
-
-These operators increment (add one to) or decrement (subtract one
-from) a variable. If they come before the variable, they return its
-new value; otherwise, they return its old value.
-
-Some quick examples::
-
- x++; // adds one to x, and returns the old value of x
- ++x; // adds one to x, and returns the new value of x
-
- x--; // decrement x by one and returns the old value of x
- --x; // decrement x by one and returns the new value of x
-
-A more extended example::
-
- x = 2;
- y = ++x; // x now contains 3, y contains 3
- y = x--; // x contains 2 again, y still contains 3
-
-.. warning:: Be careful! You cannot put a space in between the two
- ``+`` or ``-`` signs. This example is broken::
-
- // this line won't compile (notice the extra space):
- int y = x+ +;
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-compoundarithmetic`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/int.rst b/docs/source/lang/int.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ca75f75..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/int.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-int:
-
-``int``
-=======
-
-The ``int`` data type represents integers. Integers are your primary
-data type for number storage, and store a 4 byte value. This yields a
-range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (minimum value of -2^31 and a
-maximum value of (2^31) - 1; that's about negative 2 billion to
-positive 2 billion).
-
-An ``int`` stores a negative number with a technique called `two's
-complement math
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement#Explanation>`_\ .
-The highest bit in an ``int``, sometimes refered to as the "sign" bit,
-flags the number as a negative number. (See the linked article on
-two's complement for more information).
-
-The Maple takes care of dealing with negative numbers for you, so that
-arithmetic operations work mostly as you'd expect. There can be an
-:ref:`unexpected complication <lang-bitshift-signbit-gotcha>` in
-dealing with the :ref:`bitshift right operator (>>)
-<lang-bitshift>`, however.
-
-Here is an example of declaring an ``int`` variable named ``ledPin``,
-then giving it value 13::
-
- int ledPin = 13;
-
-The general syntax for declaring an ``int`` variable named ``var``,
-then giving it value ``val``, looks like::
-
- int var = val;
-
-.. _lang-int-overflow:
-
-Integer Overflow
-----------------
-
-When ``int`` variables leave the range specified above, they
-:ref:`roll over <lang-variables-rollover>` in the other direction.
-Here are some examples::
-
- int x;
- x = -2,147,483,648;
- x--; // x now contains 2,147,483,647; rolled over "left to right"
-
- x = 2,147,483,647;
- x++; // x now contains -2,147,483,648; rolled over "right to left"
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`
-- :ref:`char <lang-char>`
-- :ref:`unsigned char <lang-unsignedchar>`
-- :ref:`long <lang-long>`
-- :ref:`unsigned long <lang-unsignedlong>`
-- :ref:`Integer Constants <lang-constants-integers>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/intcast.rst b/docs/source/lang/intcast.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 386fe14..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/intcast.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-intcast:
-
-``int()`` (cast)
-================
-
-Converts a value to the :ref:`int <lang-int>` data type. Here is
-an example::
-
- double d = 2.5;
- int i = int(d); // i holds "2", an int value
-
-The value inside of the parentheses (``int(...)``) can be of any type.
-However, if it is not a numeric type (like ``double``, ``char``,
-etc.), you will get strange results.
-
-See the :ref:`int <lang-int>` reference for details about the
-precision and limitations of ``int`` variables on the Maple.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/keywords.rst b/docs/source/lang/keywords.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index e4ebe99..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/keywords.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-keywords:
-
-Keywords
-========
-
-This page lists all of the C++ keywords, and either links to a
-reference page explaining their use, or provides a brief description.
-
-List of Keywords
-----------------
-
-The C++ keywords are:
-
-``and``, ``and_eq``, ``asm``, ``auto``, ``bitand``, ``bitor``,
-``bool``, ``break``, ``case``, ``catch``, ``char``, ``class``,
-``compl``, ``const``, ``const_cast``, ``continue``, ``default``,
-``delete``, ``do``, ``double``, ``dynamic_cast``, ``else``, ``enum``,
-``explicit``, ``export``, ``extern``, ``false``, ``float``, ``for``,
-``friend``, ``goto``, ``if``, ``inline``, ``int``, ``long``,
-``mutable``, ``namespace``, ``new``, ``not``, ``not_eq``,
-``operator``, ``or``, ``or_eq``, ``private``, ``protected``,
-``public``, ``register``, ``reinterpret_cast``, ``return``, ``short``,
-``signed``, ``sizeof``, ``static``, ``static_cast``, ``struct``,
-``switch``, ``template``, ``this``, ``throw``, ``true``, ``try``,
-``typedef``, ``typeid``, ``typename``, ``union``, ``unsigned``,
-``using``, ``virtual``, ``void``, ``volatile``, ``wchar_t``,
-``while``, ``xor``, ``xor_eq``
-
-Boolean Operator Synonyms
--------------------------
-
-- ``and`` is a synonym for :ref:`&& <lang-boolean-and>`.
-- ``not`` is a synonym for :ref:`\! <lang-boolean-not>`.
-- ``not_eq`` is a synonym for :ref:`\!= <lang-comparison>`.
-- ``or`` is a synonym for :ref:`|| <lang-boolean-or>`.
-
-Bitwise Operator Synonyms
--------------------------
-
-- ``and_eq`` is a synonym for :ref:`&= <lang-compoundbitwise-and>`.
-- ``bitand`` is a synonym for (bitwise) :ref:`& <lang-bitwisemath-and>`.
-- ``bitor`` is a synonym for :ref:`\| <lang-bitwisemath-or>`.
-- ``compl`` is a synonym for :ref:`~ <lang-bitwisemath-not>`.
-- ``or_eq`` is a synonym for :ref:`|= <lang-compoundbitwise-or>`.
-- ``xor`` is a synonym for :ref:`^ <lang-bitwisemath-xor>`.
-- ``xor_eq`` is a synonym for :ref:`^= <lang-compoundbitwise-xor>`.
-
-Constants
----------
-
-- ``true`` and ``false`` are the :ref:`boolean constants
- <lang-booleanvariables>`.
-
-Control Flow
-------------
-
-- ``break`` can exit out of a :ref:`switch statement
- <lang-switchcase>` or a :ref:`for <lang-for>`, :ref:`do
- <lang-dowhile>`, or :ref:`while <lang-while>` loop.
-
-- ``case`` defines alternatives in a :ref:`switch statement <lang-switchcase>`.
-
-- ``continue`` will move control flow to the next iteration of the
- enclosing :ref:`for <lang-for>`, :ref:`do <lang-dowhile>`, or
- :ref:`while <lang-while>` loop.
-
-- ``default`` defines the default alternative in a :ref:`switch
- statement <lang-switchcase>`.
-
-- ``do`` introduces a :ref:`do <lang-dowhile>` loop.
-
-- ``else`` is used in :ref:`if statements <lang-if>`.
-
-- ``for`` introduces a :ref:`for <lang-for>` loop.
-
-- ``goto`` :ref:`jumps <lang-goto>` to a label.
-
-- ``if`` introduces an :ref:`if statement <lang-if>`.
-
-- ``return`` :ref:`transfers flow to a function's caller <lang-return>`.
-
-- ``switch`` introduces a :ref:`switch statement <lang-switchcase>`.
-
-- ``while`` introduces a :ref:`while <lang-while>` loop.
-
-Types
------
-
-The following keywords are used for built-in types.
-
-- :ref:`bool <lang-booleanvariables>`
-- :ref:`lang-char`
-- :ref:`lang-double`
-- :ref:`lang-float`
-- :ref:`lang-int`
-- :ref:`lang-long`
-- :ref:`short <lang-numeric-types-integral>`
-- :ref:`void <lang-void>` (not really a type, but used in the absence
- of one)
-
-The following keywords are used to introduce new types.
-
-- :ref:`enum <lang-enum>`
-
-Qualifiers
-----------
-
-- :ref:`static <lang-static>` can be used to declare persistent local
- variables; it has other uses not documented here.
-
-- ``unsigned`` is used to specify an unsigned integral type.
- Examples: :ref:`lang-unsignedint`, :ref:`lang-unsignedchar`,
- :ref:`lang-unsignedlong`.
-
-- :ref:`volatile <lang-volatile>` is useful when declaring variables
- that may be modified by external interrupts.
-
-- :ref:`const <lang-const>` is used to define constants.
-
-Other
------
-
-These keywords are not described in the Maple documentation. For more
-information, consult a C++ reference.
-
-- ``asm`` is used to insert literal assembly language.
-
-- ``auto`` is used to declare that a variable has automatic storage.
-
-- ``catch`` is used in exception handling. Note that the default
- flags we pass to :ref:`GCC <arm-gcc>` include ``-fno-exceptions``.
-
-- ``class`` is used to define classes.
-
-- ``const_cast`` is used in typecasting.
-
-- ``delete`` is used to free ``new``\ -allocated storage. Note that
- dynamic memory allocation is not available by default on the Maple,
- so you'll have to bring your own ``new`` and ``delete`` if you want
- this.
-
-- ``dynamic_cast`` is used in typecasting.
-
-- ``explicit`` is used to declare constructors that can be called only
- explicitly.
-
-- ``export`` declares a template definition accessible to other
- compilation units.
-
-- ``extern`` can mark a declaration as a declaration and not a
- definition, and also grant external linkage to a ``const`` or
- ``typedef``.
-
-- ``friend`` is used to declare that certain functions have access to
- a class's private variables.
-
-- ``inline`` is a compiler hint to inline a function.
-
-- ``mutable`` specifies that a member can be updated, even when a
- member of a ``const`` object.
-
-- ``namespace`` declares a new namespace.
-
-- ``new`` dynamically allocates space for a value. Note that dynamic
- memory allocation is not available by default on the Maple, so
- you'll have to bring your own ``new`` and ``delete`` if you want
- this.
-
-- ``operator`` is used to define type-specific operator overrides.
-
-- ``private`` declares a private class member.
-
-- ``protected`` declares a protected class member.
-
-- ``public`` declares a public class member.
-
-- ``register`` is a compiler hint to store a variable in a register.
-
-- ``reinterpret_cast`` is used in typecasting.
-
-- ``signed`` is the opposite of ``unsigned``.
-
-- ``static_cast`` is used in typecasting.
-
-- ``struct`` declares a new struct.
-
-- ``template`` introduces a template class, function, etc.
-
-- ``this`` is a pointer to the receiver object.
-
-- ``throw`` is used in exception handling. Note that the default
- flags we pass to :ref:`GCC <arm-gcc>` include ``-fno-exceptions``.
-
-- ``try`` is used in exception handling. Note that the default
- flags we pass to :ref:`GCC <arm-gcc>` include ``-fno-exceptions``.
-
-- ``typedef`` defines a type synonym.
-
-- ``union`` defines an untagged union.
-
-- ``using`` is a directive related to namespaces.
-
-- ``virtual`` declares a method which may be overridden.
-
-- ``wchar_t`` is the wide character type.
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/long.rst b/docs/source/lang/long.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index d8498c0..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/long.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-long:
-
-``long``
-========
-
-The ``long`` data type stores extended size integer values. You can
-use a ``long`` when your values are too large to fit into an :ref:`int
-<lang-int>`. A ``long`` occupies 8 bytes of memory. This yields a
-range of approximately -9.2×10^18 to 9.2×10^18 (that's 9.2 billion
-billion, or about 92 million times the number of stars in the Milky
-Way galaxy). The exact range of a ``long`` on the Maple is from
--9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807, or -2^63 to
-(2^63-1). A ``long`` it is subject to the same :ref:`overflow issues
-<lang-variables-rollover>` as any numeric data type.
-
-Here's an example of declaring a long (see :ref:`integer constants
-<lang-constants-integers-u-l>` for an explanation of the "L" at the end of the
-number)::
-
- // Speed of light in nanometers per second (approximate).
- long c = 299792458000000000L;
-
-The general syntax for declaring an ``long`` variable named ``var``,
-then giving it value ``val``, looks like::
-
- long var = val;
-
-This is identical to the ``int`` syntax, with ``long`` replacing
-``int``.
-
-Note that ``long`` values will still :ref:`overflow
-<lang-int-overflow>`, just like ``int`` values, but their much
-larger range makes this less likely to happen.
-
-The downside to using a ``long`` instead of an ``int`` (besides the
-extra storage) is that :ref:`arithmetic <lang-arithmetic>` operations
-on ``long``\ s will take slightly longer than on ``int``\ s.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`char <lang-char>`
-- :ref:`unsigned char <lang-unsignedchar>`
-- :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-- :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`
-- :ref:`unsigned long <lang-unsignedlong>`
-- :ref:`Integer Constants <lang-constants-integers>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/longcast.rst b/docs/source/lang/longcast.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b92345..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/longcast.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-longcast:
-
-``long()`` (cast)
-=================
-
-Converts a value to the :ref:`long <lang-long>` data type. Here is
-an example::
-
- double d = 2.5;
- long i = long(d); // i holds "2L", an long value
-
-The value inside of the parentheses (``long(...)``) can be of any type.
-However, if it is not a numeric type (like ``double``, ``char``,
-etc.), you will get strange results.
-
-See the :ref:`long <lang-long>` reference for details about the
-precision and limitations of ``long`` variables on the Maple.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`long <lang-long>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/loop.rst b/docs/source/lang/loop.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index d8f6183..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/loop.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-loop:
-
-loop()
-======
-
-After creating a :ref:`setup() <lang-setup>` function, which
-initializes your sketch, the ``loop()`` function gets called
-repeatedly, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to
-actively control your Maple board.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
-
- int buttonPin = 38;
-
- // setup initializes serial and the button pin
- void setup() {
- SerialUSB.begin();
- pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
- }
-
- // loop() checks the button pin each time it executes,
- // and will print 'H' if it is pressed, 'L' otherwise
- void loop() {
- if (digitalRead(buttonPin) == HIGH) {
- SerialUSB.println('H');
- } else {
- SerialUSB.println('L');
- }
-
- delay(1000);
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`setup() <lang-setup>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/lowbyte.rst b/docs/source/lang/lowbyte.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 58e622f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/lowbyte.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-lowbyte:
-
-lowByte()
-=========
-
-Extracts the low-order (rightmost) byte of a variable (e.g. a
-word).
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-lowByte(x)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: a value of any type. However, if a non-integral type is used,
-the results will be strange.
-
-Returns
--------
-
-The low byte's value (this will be between 0 and 255).
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/map.rst b/docs/source/lang/map.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 79122b3..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/map.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-map:
-
-map()
-=====
-
-Re-maps a number from one range to another.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: map
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-``map()`` does not constrain values to within the range, because
-out-of-range values are sometimes intended and useful. The
-:ref:`constrain() <lang-constrain>` macro may be used either before or
-after this function, if limits to the ranges are desired.
-
-Note that the "lower bounds" of either range may be larger or smaller
-than the "upper bounds" so that ``map()`` may be used to reverse a
-range of numbers; for example::
-
- y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, 1);
-
-The function also handles negative numbers well, so that this
-example ::
-
- y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100);
-
-is also valid.
-
-The ``map()`` function uses integer math (its arguments and return
-values all have type :ref:`long <lang-long>`), so it will not generate
-fractions, when the math might indicate that it should do so.
-Fractional remainders are truncated, and are not rounded or averaged.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- /* Map an ADC reading (12 bits) to 16-bit PWM (0 to 65,535) */
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(0, INPUT_ANALOG);
- pinMode(9, PWM);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- int val = analogRead(0);
- val = map(val, 0, 4095, 0, 65535);
- analogWrite(9, val);
- }
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`constrain() <lang-constrain>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/max.rst b/docs/source/lang/max.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index d38eebe..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/max.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-max:
-
-max()
-=====
-
-(Macro) Calculates the maximum of two numbers.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- max(x, y)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: the first number; may be any number or numeric expression.
-
-**y**: the second number; may be any number or numeric expression.
-
-
-Returns
--------
-
-The larger of the two parameter values.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- sensVal = max(senVal, 20); // assigns sensVal to the larger of sensVal or 20
- // (effectively ensuring that it is at least 20)
-
-.. note:: Perhaps counter-intuitively, max() is often used to
- constrain the lower end of a variable's range, while :ref:`min()
- <lang-min>` is used to constrain the upper end of the range.
-
-Warning
--------
-
-Because of the way ``max()`` is implemented, avoid using other
-functions inside the parentheses. It may lead to incorrect results::
-
- max(a--, 0); // avoid this - yields incorrect results
-
- a--; // use this instead -
- max(a, 0); // keep other operations outside max()
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple version of ``max()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`min() <lang-min>`
-- :ref:`constrain() <lang-constrain>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/micros.rst b/docs/source/lang/micros.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index f12976b..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/micros.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-micros:
-
-micros()
-========
-
-Returns the number of microseconds since the Maple board began running
-the current program. This number will overflow (go back to zero),
-after approximately 70 minutes.
-
-.. note:: There are 1,000 microseconds in a millisecond, and 1,000,000
- microseconds in a second.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: micros
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- unsigned int time;
-
- void setup() {
- }
-
- void loop() {
- SerialUSB.print("Time: ");
- time = micros();
- // prints time since program started
- SerialUSB.println(time);
- // wait a second so as not to send massive amounts of data
- delay(1000);
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`millis() <lang-millis>`
-- :ref:`delay() <lang-delay>`
-- :ref:`delayMicroseconds() <lang-delaymicroseconds>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/millis.rst b/docs/source/lang/millis.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 54e4507..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/millis.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-millis:
-
-millis()
-========
-
-Returns the number of milliseconds since the Maple board began running
-the current program. This number will overflow (go back to zero) after
-approximately 50 days.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: millis
-
-Example
--------
-
-The following time prints the value returned by ``millis()`` roughly
-once per second::
-
- unsigned int time;
-
- void setup() {
- }
-
- void loop() {
- SerialUSB.print("Time: ");
- time = millis();
- // prints time since program started
- Serial.println(time);
-
- // wait a second so as not to send massive amounts of data
- delay(1000);
- }
-
-Tip
----
-
-Since the return value for ``millis()`` is an :ref:`unsigned long
-<lang-unsignedlong>`, overflow errors may occur if you try to do math
-with other data types, such as :ref:`ints <lang-int>`.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`micros <lang-micros>`
-- :ref:`delay <lang-delay>`
-- :ref:`delayMicroseconds <lang-delaymicroseconds>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/min.rst b/docs/source/lang/min.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 1245f6f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/min.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-min:
-
-min()
-=====
-
-(Macro) Calculates the minimum of two numbers.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- min(x,y)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**x**: the first number; may be any number or numeric expression.
-
-**y**: the second number; may be any number or numeric expression.
-
-Returns
--------
-
-The smaller of the two numbers.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- sensVal = min(sensVal, 100); // assigns sensVal to the smaller of sensVal or 100
- // ensuring that it never gets above 100.
-
-
-.. note:: Perhaps counter-intuitively, max() is often used to
- constrain the lower end of a variable's range, while min() is used
- to constrain the upper end of the range.
-
-
-Warning
--------
-
-Because of the way ``min()`` is implemented, avoid using other
-functions inside the parentheses. It may lead to incorrect results::
-
- min(a++, 100); // avoid this - yields incorrect results
-
- a++; // use this instead -
- min(a, 100); // keep other operations outside min()
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple version of ``min()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`max() <lang-max>`
-- :ref:`constrain() <lang-constrain>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/modulo.rst b/docs/source/lang/modulo.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 289fba0..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/modulo.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-modulo:
-
-Modulo Operator (``%``)
-=======================
-
-Calculates the `remainder <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder>`_
-when one integer is divided by another. It is useful for keeping a
-variable within a particular range (e.g. the size of an array).
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- dividend % divisor
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**dividend**: the number to be divided
-
-**divisor**: the number to divide by
-
-Returns
--------
-
-The remainder of **dividend**\ /\ **divisor**\ .
-
-Examples
---------
-
-::
-
- int x;
- x = 7 % 5; // x now contains 2
- x = 9 % 5; // x now contains 4
- x = 5 % 5; // x now contains 0
- x = 4 % 5; // x now contains 4
-
-::
-
- /* update one value in an array each time through a loop */
-
- int values[10];
- int i = 0;
-
- void setup() {
- // no setup necessary
- }
-
- void loop() {
- values[i] = analogRead(0);
- i = (i + 1) % 10; // modulo operator makes sure i stays between 0 and 9
- }
-
-Tip
----
-
-The modulo operator does not work on floats. For that, you can use
-the C standard library function `fmod()
-<http://sourceware.org/newlib/libm.html#fmod>`_.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Arithmetic <lang-arithmetic>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/numeric-types.rst b/docs/source/lang/numeric-types.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d2be48..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/numeric-types.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-numeric-types:
-
-Numeric types
-=============
-
-This document serves as a reference for all of the built-in numeric
-types which are available when programming in the IDE. Programmers
-using the :ref:`command-line tools <unix-toolchain>` will have access
-to these types as long as they have imported ``wirish.h``; several are
-defined in in `libmaple_types.h
-<https://github.com/leaflabs/libmaple/blob/master/libmaple/libmaple_types.h>`_.
-
-.. _lang-numeric-types-integral:
-
-Integral types
---------------
-
-.. cpp:type:: char
-
- 8-bit integer value.
-
-.. cpp:type:: short
-
- 16-bit integer value.
-
-.. cpp:type:: int
-
- 32-bit integer value.
-
-.. cpp:type:: long
-
- 64-bit integer value.
-
-.. cpp:type:: long long
-
- 64-bit integer value.
-
-.. cpp:type:: int8
-
- Synonym for ``char``.
-
-.. cpp:type:: uint8
-
- Synonym for ``unsigned char``.
-
-.. cpp:type:: int16
-
- Synonym for ``short``.
-
-.. cpp:type:: uint16
-
- Synonym for ``unsigned short``.
-
-.. cpp:type:: int32
-
- Synonym for ``int``.
-
-.. cpp:type:: uint32
-
- Synonym for ``unsigned int``
-
-.. cpp:type:: int64
-
- Synonym for ``long long``
-
-.. cpp:type:: uint64
-
- Synonym for ``unsigned long long``.
-
-Floating-Point Types
---------------------
-
-.. cpp:type:: float
-
- 32-bit, IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point type.
-
-.. cpp:type:: double
-
- 64-bit, IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point type.
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/pinmode.rst b/docs/source/lang/pinmode.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b9095da..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/pinmode.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-pinmode:
-
-pinMode()
-=========
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: pinMode
-
-.. doxygenenum:: WiringPinMode
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-``pinMode()`` is usually called within :ref:`lang-setup` in order to
-configure a pin for a certain usage (although it may be called
-anywhere).
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output
- }
-
- void loop() {
- digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // sets the LED on
- delay(1000); // waits for a second
- digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // sets the LED off
- delay(1000); // waits for a second
- }
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-.. TODO check out Arduino vs. Maple static discilpline cutoffs to
-.. ensure accuracy of following:
-
-The libmaple implementation of ``pinMode()`` supports the ``INPUT``
-and ``OUTPUT`` modes with semantics identical to that of the Arduino
-function (however, be advised that the Maple, as a 3.3V device, will
-only drive 3.3V to an ``OUTPUT`` pin that has been set ``HIGH``).
-
-``INPUT_ANALOG`` and ``PWM`` modes were added because the Maple does
-not distinguish between analog and digital pins the same way the
-Arduino does. Unlike the Arduino, you **must call** ``pinMode()`` to
-set up a pin for these purposes before a call to, e.g.,
-:ref:`lang-analogRead`. In practice, this should only add a few lines
-to your :ref:`lang-setup` function.
-
-.. TODO verify following before putting it in:
-
-.. ``OUTPUT_OPEN_DRAIN``, ``INPUT_PULLUP``, ``INPUT_PULLDOWN``, and
-.. ``PWM_OPEN_DRAIN`` modes represent functionality not currently
-.. available on Arduino boards.
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-constants`
-- :ref:`lang-digitalwrite`
-- :ref:`lang-digitalread`
-- Maple :ref:`GPIO <gpio>` reference page
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/pointer.rst b/docs/source/lang/pointer.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a42270..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/pointer.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-pointer:
-
-Pointer Operators (``&``, ``*``)
-================================
-
-The pointer operators ``&`` (reference) and ``*`` (dereference) are
-different from the bitwise math operator :ref:`&
-<lang-bitwisemath-and>` and the arithmetic operator :ref:`*
-<lang-arithmetic>`.
-
-Pointers are one of the more complicated subjects for beginners in
-learning C, and it is possible to write many useful Arduino sketches
-without ever encountering pointers. However, for manipulating certain
-data structures, the use of pointers can simplify the code, improve
-its efficiency, and generally provide many benefits that would be
-difficult to achieve without the use of pointers.
-
-Introducing pointers is somewhat outside the scope of this
-documentation. However, a good `pointer tutorial
-<http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/pointers/>`_ is available.
-Also see the `Wikipedia article on pointers
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_%28computing%29>`_, especially
-the section on `pointers in C
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_%28computing%29#C_pointers>`_.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- http://xkcd.com/138/
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/pow.rst b/docs/source/lang/pow.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 4280400..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/pow.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-pow:
-
-pow()
-=====
-
-Calculates the value of a number raised to a power.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: pow
-
-.. TODO LATER some examples
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`sqrt() <lang-sqrt>`
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/pwmwrite.rst b/docs/source/lang/pwmwrite.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a1d51f..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/pwmwrite.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-pwmwrite:
-
-pwmWrite()
-==========
-
-Writes a :ref:`PWM wave <pwm>` to a pin. You can use this to make an
-LED get brighter or dimmer, control a servomotor, etc. After a call to
-pwmWrite(), the pin will output a steady square wave with the given
-duty cycle. You can change the duty cycle later by calling pwmWrite()
-again with the same pin and a different duty.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: pwmWrite
-
-Example
--------
-
-Sets the output to the LED proportional to the value read from the
-potentiometer::
-
- int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to pin 13 (Maple)
- int analogPin = 3; // potentiometer connected to analog pin 3
- int val = 0; // variable to store the read value
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the LED pin as output
-
- pinMode(analogPin, PWM); // sets the potentiometer pin as PWM
- // output
- }
-
- void loop() {
- val = analogRead(analogPin); // read the input pin
-
- analogWrite(ledPin, val / 16); // analogRead values go from 0 to 4095,
- // analogWrite values from 0 to 65535
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`Maple PWM tutorial <pwm>`
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/random.rst b/docs/source/lang/random.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index f2a9762..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/random.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-random:
-
-random()
-========
-
-The ``random()`` function generates pseudo-random numbers.
-
-.. TODO keep tracking Sphinx/Breathe's ability to reference overloaded
-.. functions so we can use doxygenfunction instead of manually
-.. documenting this.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. cpp:function:: random(long max)
-
- Same as a call to ``random(0, max)``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: random(long min, long max)
-
- Generate a pseudo-random number with given lower and upper bounds.
-
- *Parameters*
-
- - ``min`` - Lower bound on the returned value, inclusive
- - ``max`` - Upper bound on the returned value, exclusive
-
- *Returns*: A pseudo-random number in the range [min, max).
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-If it is important for a sequence of values generated by
-:ref:`random() <lang-random>` to differ, on subsequent executions of a
-sketch, use :ref:`randomSeed() <lang-randomseed>` to initialize the
-random number generator with a fairly random input, such as
-:ref:`analogRead() <lang-analogread>` on an unconnected pin.
-
-Conversely, it can occasionally be useful to use pseudorandom
-sequences that repeat exactly. This can be accomplished by calling
-``randomSeed()`` with a fixed number, before starting the random
-sequence.
-
-Example
--------
-
-The following sketch initializes the random seed based on an :ref:`ADC
-<adc>` reading of pin 0. If this pin is unconnected, the Sketch
-should print different values to the :ref:`serial monitor
-<ide-serial-monitor>` each time it is run::
-
- long randNumber;
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(0, INPUT_ANALOG);
- randomSeed(analogRead(0));
- }
-
- void loop() {
- randNumber = random(300);
- SerialUSB.println(randNumber);
-
- delay(50);
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`randomSeed() <lang-randomseed>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/randomseed.rst b/docs/source/lang/randomseed.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index d0a15b7..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/randomseed.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-randomseed:
-
-randomSeed()
-============
-
-``randomSeed()`` initializes the `pseudorandom number generator
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator>`_,
-causing it to start at an arbitrary point in its random sequence.
-This sequence, while very long, and random, is always the same.
-
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: randomSeed
-
-Discussion
-----------
-
-If it is important for a sequence of values generated by
-:ref:`random() <lang-random>` to differ, on subsequent executions of a
-sketch, use ``randomSeed()`` to initialize the random number generator
-with a fairly random input, such as :ref:`analogRead()
-<lang-analogread>` on an unconnected pin.
-
-Conversely, it can occasionally be useful to use pseudorandom
-sequences that repeat exactly. This can be accomplished by calling
-``randomSeed()`` with a fixed number, before starting the random
-sequence.
-
-Example
--------
-
-The following sketch initializes the random seed based on an :ref:`ADC
-<adc>` reading of pin 0. If this pin is unconnected, the Sketch
-should print different values to the :ref:`serial monitor
-<ide-serial-monitor>` each time it is run::
-
- long randNumber;
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(0, INPUT_ANALOG);
- randomSeed(analogRead(0));
- }
-
- void loop() {
- randNumber = random(300);
- SerialUSB.println(randNumber);
-
- delay(50);
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`random() <lang-random>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/return.rst b/docs/source/lang/return.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b5039e..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/return.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-return:
-
-``return``
-==========
-
-Terminates a function and return a value from a function to the
-calling function, if the function has non-``void`` return type.
-
-Syntax:
--------
-
-::
-
- // from within a "void" function:
- return;
-
- // from within a non-"void" function:
- return value;
-
-In the second case, ``value`` should have a type which is the same as
-the return type of the function, or be convertible to it (like an
-``int`` to a ``long``, etc.; see :ref:`this note
-<lang-arithmetic-typeconversion>` for some references).
-
-Examples:
----------
-
-A function to compare a sensor input to a threshold::
-
- // converts analog readings between 0 and 400 to 0, and 400 up to 1.
- int checkSensor() {
- if (analogRead(0) > 400) {
- return 1;
- else {
- return 0;
- }
- }
-
-An early ``return`` is also useful when testing a section of code
-without having to "comment out" large sections of possibly buggy code,
-like so::
-
- void loop() {
-
- // brilliant code idea to test here
-
- return;
-
- // the rest of a dysfunctional sketch here
- // this code will never be executed
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`comments <lang-comments>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/scope.rst b/docs/source/lang/scope.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b65bab..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/scope.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-scope:
-
-Scope
-=====
-
-Variables in the C++ programming language, which Maple uses (all of
-your sketches are C++ programs in disguise), have a property called
-*scope*. Simply put, a variable's scope is made up of all of the
-lines where the variable can be used.
-
-Scope in C++ is a fairly complex topic, so we won't try to describe it
-in full here. Instead, we present a simplified view, describing two
-different kinds of scopes, *global* and *local*. For more detailed
-information, consult a C++ reference.
-
-Global and Local Variables
---------------------------
-
-A global variable is one that can be "seen" by every function in a
-program. In the :ref:`Maple IDE <ide>`, any variable declared outside
-of a function (like :ref:`setup() <lang-setup>` and :ref:`loop()
-<lang-loop>`) is a global variable.
-
-A local variable can only be "seen" inside of a particular function.
-You can declare a variable to be local to a function by declaring it
-inside of the :ref:`curly braces <lang-curly-braces>` which enclose
-that function.
-
-When programs start to get larger and more complex, local variables
-are a useful way to ensure that a function has exclusive access to its
-own variables. This prevents programming errors when one function
-mistakenly modifies variables used by another function.
-
-It is also sometimes useful to declare and initialize a variable
-inside a :ref:`for <lang-for>` loop. This creates a variable that
-can only be accessed from inside the loop body.
-
-Example
--------
-
-Here is an example sketch (which you can copy into the Maple IDE and
-run on your Maple) that illustrates the use of global and local
-variables, as well as declaring variables inside of a ``for`` loop.
-Be sure to open a :ref:`serial monitor <ide-serial-monitor>` after you
-:ref:`verify <ide-verify>` and :ref:`upload <ide-upload>` the sketch::
-
- int globalVar; // any function will see this variable
-
- void setup() {
- // since "globalVar" is declared outside of any function,
- // every function can "see" and use it:
- globalVar = 50;
-
- // the variables "i" and "d" declared inside the "loop" function
- // can't be seen here. see what happens when you uncomment the
- // following lines, and try to Verify (compile) the sketch:
- //
- // i = 16;
- // SerialUSB.print("i = ");
- // SerialUSB.println(i);
- // d = 26.5;
- // SerialUSB.print("d = ");
- // SerialUSB.println(d);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- // since "i" and "d" are declared inside of the "loop" function,
- // they can only be seen and used from inside of it:
- int i;
- double d;
-
- for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
- // variable i can be used anywhere inside the "loop" function;
- // variable j can only be accessed inside the for-loop brackets:
- i = j * j;
- SerialUSB.print("i = ");
- SerialUSB.println(i);
- }
-
- // globalVar can be accessed from anywhere. note how even
- // though we set globalVar = 50 in the "setup" function, we can
- // see that value here:
- SerialUSB.print("globalVar = ");
- SerialUSB.println(globalVar);
-
- // d can be accessed from anywhere inside the "loop" function:
- d = 26.5;
- SerialUSB.print("d = ");
- SerialUSB.print(d);
- SerialUSB.println(" (before separateFunction())");
-
- separateFunction();
-
- // notice how even though separateFunction() has a variable
- // named "d", it didn't touch our (local) variable which has
- // the same name:
- SerialUSB.print("d = ");
- SerialUSB.print(d);
- SerialUSB.println(" (after separateFunction())");
- }
-
- void separateFunction() {
- // variable "d" here has the same name as variable "d" inside of
- // the "loop" function, but since they're both _local_
- // variables, they don't affect each other:
- double d = 30.5;
- SerialUSB.print("d = ");
- SerialUSB.print(d);
- SerialUSB.println(" (inside of separateFunction())");
- }
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- `C++ programming Wikibook <http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Programming/Programming_Languages/C%2B%2B/Code/Statements/Scope>`_.
-- Wikipedia article on `scope <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_%28programming%29>`_
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/semicolon.rst b/docs/source/lang/semicolon.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 8164616..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/semicolon.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-semicolon:
-
-Semicolon (``;``)
-=================
-
-Used to end a line of code. Example::
-
- int a = 13;
-
-Tip
----
-
-Forgetting to end a line in a semicolon will result in a compiler
-error. The error text may be obvious, and refer to a missing
-semicolon, or it may not. If an impenetrable or seemingly illogical
-compiler error comes up, one of the first things to check is a
-missing semicolon, in the immediate vicinity, preceding the line at
-which the compiler complained.
-
-
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/serial.rst b/docs/source/lang/serial.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ca89b31..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/serial.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-serial:
-
-Serial Ports (``Serial1``, ``Serial2``, ``Serial3``)
-====================================================
-
-Used for communication between the Maple board and a computer or other
-devices.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Introduction
-------------
-
-The Maple has three serial ports (also known as a UARTs or USARTs):
-``Serial1``, ``Serial2``, and ``Serial3``. They communicate using the
-pins summarized in the following table:
-
-.. list-table::
- :header-rows: 1
-
- * - Serial port
- - TX, RX, CK
- - CTS, RTS (if present)
-
- * - ``Serial1``
- - 7, 8, 6
- -
-
- * - ``Serial2``
- - 1, 0, 10
- - 2, 3
-
- * - ``Serial3``
- - 29, 30, 31
- - 32, 33
-
-Thus, if you use a particular serial port, you cannot also use its
-communication pins for other purposes at the same time.
-
-If you want to communicate with the Maple using the provided USB port,
-use :ref:`SerialUSB <lang-serialusb>` instead.
-
-To use them to communicate with an external TTL serial device, connect
-the TX pin to your device's RX pin, the RX to your device's TX pin,
-and the ground of your Maple to your device's ground.
-
-.. warning:: Don't connect these pins directly to an RS232 serial
- port; they operate at +/- 12V and can damage your board.
-
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-All of the ``Serial[1,2,3]`` objects are instances of the
-``HardwareSerial`` class, which is documented in this section. (This
-means that you can use any of these functions on any of ``Serial1``,
-``Serial2``, and ``Serial3``).
-
-.. cpp:class:: HardwareSerial
-
- Serial port class. Predefined instances are ``Serial1``,
- ``Serial2``, and ``Serial3``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::begin(unsigned int baud)
-
- Set up a ``HardwareSerial`` object for communications. This method
- must be called before attempting to use the ``HardwareSerial``
- object (typically, you call this in your :ref:`setup()
- <lang-setup>` function).
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::end()
-
- Disables the USART associated with this object, allowing any
- associated communication pins to be used for other purposes.
-
-.. cpp:function:: unsigned int HardwareSerial::available()
-
- Returns the number of bytes available for reading.
-
-.. cpp:function:: unsigned char HardwareSerial::read()
-
- Returns the next available, unread character. If there are no
- available characters (you can check this with :cpp:func:`available
- <HardwareSerial::available>`), the call will block until one
- becomes available.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::flush()
-
- Removes the contents of the Serial's associated USART RX FIFO.
- That is, clears any buffered characters, so that the next character
- read is guaranteed to be new.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(unsigned char b)
-
- Print the given byte over the USART.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(char c)
-
- Print the given character over the USART. 7-bit clean characters
- are typically interpreted as ASCII text.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(const char *str)
-
- Print the given null-terminated string over the USART.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(int n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USART, in decimal format.
- Negative values will be prefixed with a ``'-'`` character.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(unsigned int n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USART, in decimal format.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(long n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USART, in decimal format.
- Negative values will be prefixed with a ``'-'`` character.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(unsigned long n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USART, in decimal format.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(long n, int base)
-
- Print the digits of ``n`` over the USART, in base ``base`` (which
- may be between 2 and 16). The ``base`` value 2 corresponds to
- binary, 8 to octal, 10 to decimal, and 16 to hexadecimal. Negative
- values will be prefixed with a ``'-'`` character.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::print(double n)
-
- Print ``n``, accurate to 2 digits after the decimal point.
-
-.. _lang-serial-println:
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(char c)
-
- Like ``print(c)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(const char *c)
-
- Like ``print(c)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(unsigned char b)
-
- Like ``print(b)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(int n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(unsigned int n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(long n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(unsigned long n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(long n, int base)
-
- Like ``print(n, b)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println(double n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::println()
-
- Prints ``"\r\n"`` over the USART.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::write(unsigned char ch)
-
- Sends one character over the USART. This function is currently
- blocking, although nonblocking writes are a planned future
- extension.
-
- This is a low-level function. One of the ``print()`` or
- ``println()`` functions is likely to be more useful when printing
- multiple characters, when formatting numbers for printing, etc.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::write(const char* str)
-
- Send the given null-terminated character string over the USART.
-
- This is a low-level function. One of the ``print()`` or
- ``println()`` functions is likely to be more useful when printing
- multiple characters, when formatting numbers for printing, etc.
-
-.. cpp:function:: HardwareSerial::write(void *buf, unsigned int size)
-
- Writes the first ``size`` bytes of ``buf`` over the USART. Each
- byte is transmitted as an individual character.
-
- This is a low-level function. One of the ``print()`` or
- ``println()`` functions is likely to be more useful when printing
- multiple characters, when formatting numbers for printing, etc.
-
-Arduino Compatibility Note
---------------------------
-
-Unlike the Arduino, none of the Maple's serial ports is connected to
-the USB port on the Maple board (for that, use :ref:`SerialUSB
-<lang-serialusb>`). Thus, to use these pins to communicate with your
-personal computer, you will need an additional USB-to-serial adaptor.
-
-.. TODO LATER port these examples over
-
-.. Examples
-.. --------
-
-.. - `ASCII Table <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ASCIITable>`_
-.. - `Dimmer <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Dimmer>`_
-.. - `Graph <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Graph>`_
-.. - `Physical Pixel <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/PhysicalPixel>`_
-.. - `Virtual Color Mixer <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/VirtualColorMixer>`_
-.. - `Serial Call Response <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SerialCallResponse>`_
-.. - `Serial Call Response ASCII <http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SerialCallResponseASCII>`_
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/serialusb.rst b/docs/source/lang/serialusb.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index af3a7e0..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/serialusb.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-serialusb:
-
-``SerialUSB``
-=============
-
-Used for communication between the Maple board and a computer.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-Introduction
-------------
-
-In addition to three :ref:`serial ports <lang-serial>`, the Maple's
-STM32 microprocessor includes a dedicated USB peripheral. This
-peripheral is used to emulate a regular serial port for use as a
-terminal (text read/write). The emulated terminal is relatively slow
-and inefficient; it is best for transferring data at regular serial
-speeds (kilobaud).
-
-Library access to the emulated serial port is provided through the
-``SerialUSB`` object. You can mostly use ``SerialUSB`` as a drop-in
-replacement for ``Serial1``, ``Serial2``, and ``Serial3``.
-
-.. warning:: The ``SerialUSB`` functionality includes a 50 millisecond
- timeout for writes, and does not try to detect if the USB host is
- "really" connected, or just enumerated and initialized.
-
- This means that if you have a number of calls to one of the
- ``SerialUSB`` ``write()`` or ``print()`` functions in your code,
- and you are not monitoring the emulated on a computer, your program
- will run much, much slower than if it is being monitored or totally
- disconnected (run off of a battery).
-
- You can avoid this behavior by :ref:`deciphering the port status
- using the DTR and RTS line status <lang-serialusb-safe-print>`; the
- behavior of these control lines is platform dependent and we no
- longer interpret them by default.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-The ``SerialUSB`` object is an instance of the ``USBSerial`` class,
-which is documented in this section. This means that you can use any
-of these functions by writing
-``SerialUSB.functionName(arguments...)``. For example, to print the
-message "hello, world!", you can write ``USBSerial.println("hello,
-world!")``.
-
-.. cpp:class:: USBSerial
-
- Emulated serial-over-USB class. ``SerialUSB`` is the predefined
- instance.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::begin()
-
- Set up the USB peripheral for emulated serial communication. The
- peripheral is configured this way by default; calling this function
- should only be necessary if you have disabled the peripheral using
- ``SerialUSB.end()``.
-
-.. _lang-serialusb-end:
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::end()
-
- Disables the USB peripheral.
-
-.. cpp:function:: unsigned int USBSerial::available()
-
- Returns the number of bytes available for reading.
-
-.. _lang-serialusb-read:
-
-.. cpp:function:: unsigned char USBSerial::read()
-
- Returns the next available, unread character. If there are no
- available characters (you can check this with :cpp:func:`available
- <USBSerial::available>`), the call will block until one
- becomes available.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::flush()
-
- Removes the contents of the Serial's associated input buffer. That
- is, clears any buffered characters, so that the next character read
- is guaranteed to be new.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(unsigned char b)
-
- Print the given byte over the USB connection.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(char c)
-
- Print the given character over the USB connection. 7-bit clean characters
- are typically interpreted as ASCII text.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(const char *str)
-
- Print the given null-terminated string over the USB connection.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(int n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USB connection, in decimal format.
- Negative values will be prefixed with a ``'-'`` character.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(unsigned int n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USB connection, in decimal format.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(long n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USB connection, in decimal
- format. Negative values will be prefixed with a ``'-'`` character.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(unsigned long n)
-
- Print the argument's digits over the USB connection, in decimal
- format.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(long n, int base)
-
- Print the digits of ``n`` over the USB connection, in base ``base``
- (which may be between 2 and 16). The ``base`` value 2 corresponds
- to binary, 8 to octal, 10 to decimal, and 16 to hexadecimal.
- Negative values will be prefixed with a ``'-'`` character.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::print(double n)
-
- Print ``n``, accurate to 2 digits after the decimal point.
-
-.. _lang-serialusb-println:
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(char c)
-
- Like ``print(c)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(const char *c)
-
- Like ``print(c)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(unsigned char b)
-
- Like ``print(b)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(int n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(unsigned int n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(long n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(unsigned long n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(long n, int base)
-
- Like ``print(n, b)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println(double n)
-
- Like ``print(n)``, followed by ``"\r\n"``.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::println()
-
- Prints ``"\r\n"`` over the USB connection.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::write(unsigned char ch)
-
- Sends one character over the USB connection. This function is
- currently blocking, although nonblocking writes are a planned
- future extension.
-
- This is a low-level function. One of the ``print()`` or
- ``println()`` functions is likely to be more useful when printing
- multiple characters, when formatting numbers for printing, etc.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::write(const char* str)
-
- Send the given null-terminated character string over the USB
- connection.
-
- This is a low-level function. One of the ``print()`` or
- ``println()`` functions is likely to be more useful when printing
- multiple characters, when formatting numbers for printing, etc.
-
-.. cpp:function:: USBSerial::write(void *buf, unsigned int size)
-
- Writes the first ``size`` bytes of ``buf`` over the USB connection.
- Each byte is transmitted as an individual character.
-
- This is a low-level function. One of the ``print()`` or
- ``println()`` functions is likely to be more useful when printing
- multiple characters, when formatting numbers for printing, etc.
-
-Examples
---------
-
-.. _lang-serialusb-safe-print:
-
-**Safe print**: This function should run smoothly and not block; the
-LED should blink at roughly the same speed whether being monitored,
-running from battery, or connected but not monitored. You may need to
-experiment with the DTR/RTS logic for your platform and device
-configuration. ::
-
- #define LED_PIN 13
-
- void setup() {
- /* Set up the LED to blink */
- pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- // LED will stay off if we are disconnected;
- // will blink quickly if USB is unplugged (battery etc)
- if(SerialUSB.isConnected()) {
- digitalWrite(LED_PIN, 1);
- }
- delay(100);
-
- // If this logic fails to detect if bytes are going to
- // be read by the USB host, then the println() will fully
- // many times, causing a very slow LED blink.
- // If the characters are printed and read, the blink will
- // only slow a small amount when "really" connected, and fast
- // when the virtual port is only configured.
- if(SerialUSB.isConnected() && (SerialUSB.getDTR() || SerialUSB.getRTS())) {
- for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
- SerialUSB.println(123456,BIN);
- }
- }
- digitalWrite(LED_PIN, 0);
- delay(100);
- }
-
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/setup.rst b/docs/source/lang/setup.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 837ddd6..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/setup.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-setup:
-
-setup()
-=======
-
-The ``setup()`` function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to
-initialize :ref:`variables <lang-variables>`, :ref:`pin modes
-<lang-pinmode>`, start using :ref:`libraries <libraries>`, etc. The
-``setup()`` function will only run once, after each power-up or reset
-of the Maple board.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- int buttonPin = 38;
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- // ...
- }
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/sin.rst b/docs/source/lang/sin.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 398b8f3..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/sin.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-sin:
-
-sin()
-=====
-
-Calculates the `sine <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine>`_ of an
-angle.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: sin
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple version of ``sin()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-Note that the Maple implementation comes from `newlib
-<http://sourceware.org/newlib/>`_\ , while Arduino's is that of
-`avr-libc <http://avr-libc.nongnu.org/>`_\ .
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`cos <lang-cos>`
-- :ref:`tan <lang-tan>`
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/sizeof.rst b/docs/source/lang/sizeof.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index eae509c..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/sizeof.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-sizeof:
-
-``sizeof()``
-============
-
-The ``sizeof`` operator on the Maple returns the number of bytes
-needed to store a value of a given type\ [#fcharsize]_. This can be
-an ordinary numeric type, like ``int``. It can be something more
-complicated, like a ``struct`` or ``union``. If the argument to
-``sizeof`` is an array, it returns the total number of bytes occupied
-by the array.
-
-The general syntax looks like this::
-
- sizeof(type)
- sizeof(var)
-
-Example
--------
-
-The ``sizeof`` operator is useful for dealing with arrays (such as
-strings) where it is convenient to be able to change the size of the
-array without breaking other parts of the program.
-
-This program prints out a text string one character at a time. Try
-changing the text phrase::
-
- char myStr[] = "this is a test";
- int i;
-
- void setup() {
- Serial.begin(9600);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- for (i = 0; i < sizeof(myStr) - 1; i++) {
- Serial.print(i, DEC);
- Serial.print(" = ");
- Serial.println(myStr[i], BYTE);
- }
- }
-
-
-Note that ``sizeof`` returns the total number of bytes. So for larger
-variable types such as ``int``, the :ref:`for loop <lang-for>`
-would look something like this::
-
- for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(myInts)/sizeof(int)) - 1; i++) {
- // do something with myInts[i]
- }
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. [#fcharsize] Technically (and pedantically) speaking, ``sizeof``
- returns a multiple of the number of bits a ``char`` occupies in
- memory. However, on the Maple (this goes for most C++
- implementations), a ``char`` occupies 8 bits = 1 byte. All the C++
- standard guarantees, however, is that a ``char`` occupies at
- *least* 8 bits.
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
-
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/sq.rst b/docs/source/lang/sq.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index bd32648..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/sq.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-sq:
-
-sq()
-====
-
-(Macro) computes the square of a number.
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- sq(a)
-
-Parameters
-----------
-
-**a**: the number.
-
-Returns
--------
-
-**a** squared (**a** × **a**).
-
-Warning
--------
-
-Because of the way ``sq()`` is implemented, avoid using other
-functions or causing side effects inside the parentheses, as it may
-lead to incorrect results::
-
- b = sq(a++); // avoid this - yields incorrect results
-
- b = sq(a); // use this instead -
- a++; // keep other operations outside sq()
-
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-Maple's implementation of ``sq()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/sqrt.rst b/docs/source/lang/sqrt.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 956a754..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/sqrt.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-sqrt:
-
-sqrt()
-======
-
-Calculates the square root of a number.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: sqrt
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple versino of ``sqrt()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`pow <lang-pow>`
-- :ref:`sq <lang-sq>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/static.rst b/docs/source/lang/static.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d1802e..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/static.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-static:
-
-``static``
-==========
-
-The ``static`` keyword can be used to create variables that are
-visible to only one function. However, unlike local variables that get
-created and destroyed every time a function is called, ``static``
-variables persist beyond the function call, preserving their data
-between function calls.
-
-Variables declared as ``static`` will only be created and initialized
-the first time a function is called.
-
-.. note:: This is only one use of the ``static`` keyword in C++. It
- has some other important uses that are not documented here; consult
- a reliable C++ reference for details.
-
-Example
--------
-
-One use case for ``static`` variables is implementing counters that
-last longer than the functions which need them, but shouldn't be
-shared to other functions. Here's an example::
-
- void setup() {
- SerialUSB.begin();
- }
-
- void loop() {
- int reading;
- if (timeToReadSensors()) {
- reading = readSensors();
- }
- // do something with reading
- }
-
- int readSensors() {
- static int numSensorReadings = 0;
- numSensorReadings++;
- if (numSensorReadings % 100 == 0) {
- SerialUSB.print("just got to another 100 sensor readings");
- }
- return analogRead(...);
- }
-
-In this example, the static variable ``numSensorReadings`` is
-initialized to zero the first time ``readSensors()`` is called, and
-then incremented, so it starts out at one. Subsequent calls to
-``readSensors()`` won't reset ``numSensorReadings`` to zero, because
-it was declared ``static``. Thus, ``numSensorReadings`` is a count of
-the number of times that ``readSensors()`` has been called.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/string.rst b/docs/source/lang/string.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a270da..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/string.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-string:
-
-Strings
-=======
-
-Text strings can be represented in two ways. You can
-
-1. Use the :ref:`String <lang-stringclass>` data type, which is
-part of the core as of version 0.0.9, or
-
-2. You can make a string out of an array of type :ref:`char
-<lang-char>` and null-terminate it.
-
-This page describes the second method.
-
-Examples
---------
-
-All of the following are valid declarations for strings::
-
- char str1[15];
- char str2[6] = {'m', 'a', 'p', 'l', 'e'};
- char str3[6] = {'m', 'a', 'p', 'l', 'e', '\0'};
- char str4[ ] = "maple";
- char str5[6] = "maple";
- char str6[15] = "maple";
-
-As you can see, there are several methods available for declaring and
-initializing strings:
-
-- Declare an array of ``char`` without initializing it, as with ``str1``.
-
-- Declare an array of ``char`` (with one extra ``char``) and the
- compiler will add the required null character, as with ``str2``.
-
-- Explicitly add the null character (``'\0'``), as with ``str3``.
-
-- Initialize with a string constant in quotation marks (``"..."``);
- the compiler will size the array to fit the string constant and a
- terminating null character (``str4``).
-
-- Initialize the array with an explicit size and string constant,
- (``str5``).
-
-- Initialize the array, leaving extra space for a larger string
- (``str6``).
-
-Null Termination
-----------------
-
-Generally, strings are terminated with a null character (`ASCII
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII>`_ code 0). This allows functions
-(like ``SerialUSB.print()``) to tell where the end of a string is.
-Otherwise, they would continue reading subsequent bytes of memory that
-aren't actually part of the string.
-
-This means that your string needs to have space for one more character
-than the text you want it to contain. That is why ``str2`` and
-``str5`` need to be six characters, even though "maple" is only five
--- the last position is automatically filled with a NULL
-character. ``str4`` will be automatically sized to six characters, one
-for the extra null. In the case of ``str3``, we've explicitly included
-the null character (written ``'\0'``) ourselves.
-
-Note that it's possible to have a string without a final null
-character (e.g. if you had specified the length of ``str2`` as five
-instead of six). This will break most functions that use strings, so
-you shouldn't do it intentionally. If you notice something behaving
-strangely (operating on characters not in the string), however, this
-could be the problem.
-
-Single quotes or double quotes?
--------------------------------
-
-Strings are always defined inside double quotes (``"Abc"``) and
-characters are always defined inside single quotes (``'A'``).
-
-Wrapping long strings
----------------------
-
-You can wrap long strings like this::
-
- char myString[] = "This is the first line"
- " this is the second line"
- " etcetera";
-
-Arrays of Strings
------------------
-
-It is often convenient, when working with large amounts of text,
-such as a project with an LCD display, to setup an array of
-strings. Because strings themselves are arrays, this is in actually
-an example of a two-dimensional array.
-
-In the code below, the asterisk after the datatype char ``char *``
-indicates that this is an array of "pointers". All array names are
-actually pointers, so this is required to make an array of arrays.
-Pointers are one of the more esoteric parts of C for beginners to
-understand, but it isn't necessary to understand pointers in detail to
-use them effectively here::
-
- char* myStrings[] = {"This is string 1", "This is string 2",
- "This is string 3", "This is string 4",
- "This is string 5", "This is string 6"};
-
- void setup() {
- SerialUSB.begin();
- }
-
- void loop() {
- for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
- SerialUSB.println(myStrings[i]);
- delay(500);
- }
- }
-
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`array <lang-array>`
-- :ref:`__attribute__ <arm-gcc-attribute-flash>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/switchcase.rst b/docs/source/lang/switchcase.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index b484bc5..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/switchcase.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-switchcase:
-
-``switch``\ /\ ``case``
-=======================
-
-Like :ref:`if <lang-if>` statements, A ``switch`` statement controls
-program flow by allowing you to specify different code that should be
-executed under various cases.
-
-The general syntax looks like this::
-
- switch (var) {
- case val1:
- // statements
- break;
- case val2:
- // statements
- break;
- ...
- default:
- // statements
- }
-
-Where ``var`` is a variable whose value to investigate, and the
-``val1``, ``val2`` after each ``case`` are constant values that
-``var`` might be.
-
-Description
------------
-
-A ``switch`` statement compares the value of a variable to the values
-specified in ``case`` statements. When a ``case`` statement is found
-whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case
-statement is run.
-
-Here's a more concrete example::
-
- switch (var) {
- case 1:
- doThing1();
- break;
- case 2:
- doThing2();
- break;
- }
- afterTheSwitch();
-
-In the above example, if ``var == 1``, then the code beginning on the
-line after ``case 1`` gets executed. That is, if ``var`` is one,
-``doThing1()`` gets called first, and then the ``break`` statement is
-executed.
-
-The ``break`` keyword exits the ``switch`` statement, and is typically
-used at the end of each ``case``. Since there is a ``break`` at the
-end of ``case 1``, the ``switch`` statement exits, and the next line
-to be run is the one which calls ``afterTheSwitch()``.
-
-Without a ``break``, the ``switch`` statement will continue executing
-the following ``case`` expressions ("falling-through") until a
-``break`` (or the end of the switch statement) is reached. Let's
-pretend the ``switch`` looked like this instead::
-
- switch (var) {
- case 1:
- doThing1();
- // no break statement anymore
- case 2:
- doThing2();
- break;
- }
- afterTheSwitch();
-
-Now, if ``var`` is one, ``doThing1()`` gets executed like before.
-However, without a ``break``, the code would continue to be executed
-line-by-line, so ``doThing2()`` would be called next. At this point,
-a ``break`` has been reached, so the program continues by calling
-``afterTheSwitch()``. This is usually not what you want, which is why
-each ``case`` usually has a ``break`` at the end.
-
-.. _lang-switchcase-default:
-
-Writing "``default:``" instead of a ``case`` statement allows you to
-specify what to do if none of the ``case`` statements matches. Having
-a ``default`` is optional (you can leave it out), but if you have one,
-it must appear after all of the ``case`` statements. Let's add a
-``default`` to the ``switch`` we've been discussing::
-
- switch (var) {
- case 1:
- doThing1();
- break;
- case 2:
- doThing2();
- break;
- default:
- doSomethingElse();
- }
- afterTheSwitch();
-
-If ``var`` is one, then ``doThing1()`` gets called. If ``var`` is
-two, ``doThing2()`` gets called. If ``var`` is anything else,
-``doSomethingElse()`` gets called. As stated above, a ``default`` is
-optional. If you're missing one and none of the ``case`` statements
-match, the ``switch`` does nothing at all, as if it weren't there.
-
-``switch`` statements are often used with an :ref:`enum <lang-enum>`
-value as the variable to compare. In this case, you can write down
-all of the values the ``enum`` takes as ``case`` statements, and be
-sure you've covered all the possibilities.
-
-See also:
----------
-
-- :ref:`if/else <lang-if>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/tan.rst b/docs/source/lang/tan.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bbe0db..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/tan.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-.. _lang-tan:
-
-tan()
-=====
-
-Calculates the tangent of an angle.
-
-Library Documentation
----------------------
-
-.. doxygenfunction:: tan
-
-Arduino Compatibility
----------------------
-
-The Maple version of ``tan()`` is compatible with Arduino.
-
-Note that the Maple implementation comes from `newlib
-<http://sourceware.org/newlib/>`_\ , while Arduino's is that of
-`avr-libc <http://avr-libc.nongnu.org/>`_\ .
-
-See Also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`sin <lang-sin>`
-- :ref:`cos <lang-cos>`
-- :ref:`float <lang-float>`
-- :ref:`double <lang-double>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/unsignedchar.rst b/docs/source/lang/unsignedchar.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b946ed..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/unsignedchar.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-unsignedchar:
-
-``unsigned char``
-=================
-
-An unsigned version of the :ref:`char <lang-char>` data type. An
-``unsigned char`` occupies 1 byte of memory; it stores an integer from
-0 to 255.
-
-Like an :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`, an ``unsigned char``
-won't store negative numbers; it is also subject to the same
-:ref:`overflow issues <lang-int-overflow>` as any integral data type.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- unsigned char c = 240;
-
-See Also
---------
-
-
-- :ref:`byte <lang-byte>`
-- :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-- :ref:`array <lang-array>`
-- :ref:`SerialUSB.println() <lang-serialusb-println>`
-- :ref:`Serial.println() <lang-serial-println>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/unsignedint.rst b/docs/source/lang/unsignedint.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index f6311da..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/unsignedint.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-unsignedint:
-
-``unsigned int``
-================
-
-An ``unsigned int`` (unsigned integer) is the same as an :ref:`int
-<lang-int>` in that it stores a 4 byte integer value. However,
-Instead of storing both negative and positive numbers, an ``unsigned
-int`` can only store nonnegative values, yielding a range of 0 to
-4,294,967,295 (the positive value is 2^32 - 1).
-
-The difference between an ``unsigned int`` and a (signed) ``int`` lies
-in the way the highest bit, sometimes referred to as the "sign" bit,
-is interpreted. In the case of the Maple ``int`` type (which is
-signed), if the high bit is a "1", the number is interpreted as a
-negative number, using a technique known as `two's complement math
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement#Explanation>`_. The
-bits in an an ``unsigned int`` are interpreted according to the usual
-rules for converting `binary to decimal
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system#Counting_in_binary>`_.
-
-An ``unsigned int`` is subject to the same :ref:`overflow issues
-<lang-int-overflow>` as a regular ``int``; the only difference is
-that an ``unsigned int`` will "underflow" at 0, and "overflow" at
-4,294,967,295. Here is some example code which illustrates this::
-
- unsigned int x;
- x = 0;
- x--; // x now contains 4,294,967,295; rolled over "left to right"
- x++; // x now contains 0; rolled over "right to left"
-
-Here is an example of declaring an ``unsigned int`` variable named
-``ledPin``, then giving it value 13::
-
- unsigned int ledPin = 13;
-
-The general syntax for declaring an ``unsigned int`` variable named
-``var``, then giving it value ``val``, looks like::
-
- unsigned int var = val;
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-- :ref:`char <lang-char>`
-- :ref:`unsigned char <lang-unsignedchar>`
-- :ref:`long <lang-long>`
-- :ref:`unsigned long <lang-unsignedlong>`
-- :ref:`Integer Constants <lang-constants-integers>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/unsignedlong.rst b/docs/source/lang/unsignedlong.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 14a4fc3..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/unsignedlong.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-unsignedlong:
-
-``unsigned long``
-=================
-
-An unsigned version of the :ref:`long <lang-long>` data type. An
-``unsigned long`` occupies 8 bytes of memory; it stores an integer
-from 0 to 2^64-1, which is approximately 1.8×10^19 (18 quintillion, or
-18 billion billion).
-
-Like an :ref:`unsigned int <lang-unsignedint>`, an ``unsigned long``
-won't store negative numbers; it is also subject to the same
-:ref:`overflow issues <lang-int-overflow>` as any integral data type.
-
-Here is an example of declaring an ``unsigned long`` variable named
-``c``, then giving it value 299,792,458,000,000,000 (see :ref:`integer
-constants <lang-constants-integers-u-l>` for an explanation of the "L"
-at the end of the number)::
-
- // Speed of light in nanometers per second (approximate).
- unsigned long c = 299792458000000000L;
-
-The general syntax for declaring an ``unsigned long`` variable named
-``var``, then giving it value ``val``, looks like::
-
- unsigned long var = val;
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`long <lang-long>`
-- :ref:`int <lang-int>`
-- :ref:`unsigned <lang-unsignedint>`
-- :ref:`char <lang-char>`
-- :ref:`unsigned char <lang-unsignedchar>`
-- :ref:`Integer Constants <lang-constants-integers>`
-- :ref:`Variables <lang-variables>`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/variables.rst b/docs/source/lang/variables.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 9094cd5..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/variables.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-variables:
-
-Variables
-=========
-
-A variable is a way of naming and storing a value for later use by
-the program, such as data from a sensor or an intermediate value
-used in a calculation.
-
-.. contents:: Contents
- :local:
-
-.. _lang-variables-declaring:
-
-Declaring Variables
--------------------
-
-Before they are used, all variables have to be *declared*. Declaring a
-variable means defining its type, giving it a name, and (optionally)
-giving it an initial value (this is often referred to as
-*initializing* the variable). Variables do not have to be initialized
-(given a value) when they are declared, but it is good style to give
-them an initial value whenever possible.
-
-Here is an example of declaring a variable named ``inputVariable1``
-with type :ref:`int <lang-int>` (the ``int`` type is used to store
-integers, like -2, -1, 0, 1, etc.)::
-
- int inputVariable1;
-
-In the above declaration, we did not give the variable an initial
-value. Here is another example, where we declare an ``int`` variable
-named ``inputVariable2``, with an initial value of ``0``::
-
- int inputVariable2 = 0;
-
-The Maple environment comes ready to use with many useful types of
-variables. See the :ref:`built-in types <lang-numeric-types>` page
-for more information.
-
-Here are a few examples of declaring variables of different types::
-
- int lightSensVal;
- char currentLetter;
- unsigned long speedOfLight = 186000UL;
- char errorMessage = {"choose another option"}; // see string
-
-Naming Variables
-----------------
-
-The rules for naming a variable are simple. Names for variables can
-contain letters, numbers, and underscores (the underscore is the
-:kbd:`_` character), and cannot begin with a number. So
-``temperature_reading``, ``tempReading``, ``tempReading1``, and
-``tempReading2`` are all valid variable names, but ``4_temp_readings``
-is not, because it begins with a number.
-
-You cannot choose a name for a variable that is one of the C++
-:ref:`keywords <lang-keywords>`.
-
-Variable names are case-sensitive, so "tempreading" and "tempReading"
-are different variables. However, it is very bad style to write code
-that chooses variables which are the same up to case.
-
-You should give your variables descriptive names, so as to make your
-code more readable. Variable names like ``tiltSensor`` or
-``pushButton`` help you (and anyone else reading your code) understand
-what the variable represents. Variable names like ``var`` or
-``value``, on the other hand, do little to make your code readable.
-
-.. _lang-variables-scope:
-
-Variable Scope
---------------
-
-An important choice that programmers face is where (in the program
-text) to declare variables. The specific place that variables are
-declared influences how various functions in a program will "see" the
-variable. This is called variable *scope*. See the :ref:`scope
-reference <lang-scope>` for more information.
-
-.. _lang-variables-initializing:
-
-Initializing Variables
-----------------------
-
-Variables may be *initialized* (assigned a starting value) when they
-are declared or not. It is always good programming practice however to
-double check that a variable has valid data in it before it is used.
-Using a variable before you give it a value is a common source of
-bugs.
-
-.. _lang-variables-rollover:
-
-Variable Rollover
------------------
-
-Every (numeric) type has a valid *range*. The range of a type is the
-smallest and largest value that a variable of that type can store.
-For example, the :ref:`int <lang-int>` type has a range of
--2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 [#frange]_.
-
-When variables are made to exceed their range's maximum value, they
-"roll over" back to their minimum value. Note that this happens in
-both directions. It's like in the game *Pac-Man* -- when Pac-Man goes
-past the right edge of the screen, he reappears on the left, and when
-he goes past the left side of the screen, he reappears on the right::
-
- int x;
- x = -2,147,483,648;
- x = x - 1; // x now contains -2,147,483,647; rolled over "left to right"
-
- x = 2,147,483,647;
- x = x + 1; // x now contains -2,147,483,648; rolled over "right to left"
-
-Each numeric type's reference page includes its range. See the
-:ref:`built-in types <lang-numeric-types>` reference for links to each
-type's reference page.
-
-Using Variables
----------------
-
-Once variables have been declared, they are given values using the
-:ref:`assignment operator <lang-assignment>`, which is a single equals
-sign, ``=``. The assignment operator tells the program to store the
-value on the right side of the equals sign into the variable on the
-left side::
-
- inputVariable1 = 7; // sets variable named inputVariable1 to 7
- inputVariable2 = analogRead(2); // sets variable named inputVariable2 to
- // the (digitized) input voltage read from
- // analog pin #2
-
-Once a variable has been set (assigned a value), you can test its
-value to see if it meets certain conditions, or you can use its value
-directly. For instance, the following code tests whether the
-inputVariable2 is less than 100, then sets a delay based on
-inputVariable2 (which, at that point, is at least 100)::
-
- if (inputVariable2 < 100) {
- inputVariable2 = 100;
- }
-
- delay(inputVariable2);
-
-See Also
---------
-
-- :ref:`lang-scope`
-- :ref:`lang-numeric-types`
-
-.. rubric:: Footnotes
-
-.. [#frange] This range might seem a little weird at first. The
- reasons for this range of values have to do with the fact that an
- ``int`` occupies 32 bits of memory, and the facts ::
-
- 2^31 = -2,147,483,648
- 2^31 - 1 = 2,147,483,647
-
-
- Why 2^31 instead of 2^32? Well, that has to do with `how ints are
- (usually) stored
- <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement>`_ on computers.
-
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
-
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/void.rst b/docs/source/lang/void.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 88bd448..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/void.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-void:
-
-``void``
-========
-
-The ``void`` keyword is used only in function declarations. It
-indicates that the function is expected to return no information to
-the function from which it was called, or that it expects no arguments
-from its caller.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- // actions are performed in the functions "setup" and "loop"
- // but no information is reported to the larger program
-
- void setup() {
- // ...
- }
-
- void loop() {
- // ...
- }
-
-.. TODO doc page on function declaration?
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/volatile.rst b/docs/source/lang/volatile.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 276bb6a..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/volatile.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-volatile:
-
-``volatile``
-============
-
-The ``volatile`` keyword known is a variable *qualifier*. It is
-usually used before the datatype of a variable, to modify the way in
-which the compiler treats the variable.
-
-Declaring a variable ``volatile`` is a directive to the compiler. The
-compiler is software which translates your C++ code into the machine
-code, which are the real instructions for the STM32 chip in the
-Maple. (The particular compiler we provide for use with the Maple is a
-version of :ref:`GCC <arm-gcc>`).
-
-Specifically, it directs the compiler to read the variable's value
-fresh every time it is used, rather than "backing up" the value and
-reading from its backup copy. (Compilers often "back up" a variable's
-value in RAM into a storage location called a *register*; this is done
-for efficiency).
-
-A variable should be declared ``volatile`` whenever its value can be
-changed by something beyond the control of the code section in which
-it appears, such as an :ref:`external interrupt
-<external-interrupts>`. On the Maple, the only place that this is
-likely to occur is in sections of code associated with interrupts.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- // toggles LED when interrupt pin changes state
-
- int pin = 13;
- volatile int state = LOW;
-
- void setup() {
- pinMode(pin, OUTPUT);
- attachInterrupt(0, blink, CHANGE);
- }
-
- void loop() {
- digitalWrite(pin, state);
- }
-
- void blink() {
- if (state == HIGH) {
- state = LOW;
- } else {
- // state must be HIGH
- state = HIGH;
- }
- }
-
-See also
---------
-
-- :ref:`External Interrupts <external-interrupts>`
-- :ref:`lang-attachinterrupt`
-- :ref:`lang-detachinterrupt`
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt
diff --git a/docs/source/lang/while.rst b/docs/source/lang/while.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 9047d05..0000000
--- a/docs/source/lang/while.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-.. highlight:: cpp
-
-.. _lang-while:
-
-``while``
-=========
-
-Syntax
-------
-
-::
-
- while (expression) {
- // block of code
- }
-
-Description
------------
-
-``while`` loops will repeat the statements inside their associated
-block of code until the expression inside the parentheses becomes
-:ref:`false <lang-constants-false>`. Something must change the tested
-expressions' value, or the ``while`` loop will never exit. This could
-be in your code, such as an incremented variable, or an external
-condition, such as testing a sensor.
-
-Example
--------
-
-::
-
- var = 0;
- while(var < 200) {
- // do something repetitive 200 times
- var++;
- }
-
-.. include:: cc-attribution.txt