import datetime import json import sys import warnings from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence import fatcat_openapi_client from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from fatcat_openapi_client import ApiClient, ReleaseEntity from fatcat_tools.normal import clean_doi, clean_issn, clean_pmcid, clean_pmid from .common import LANG_MAP_MARC, EntityImporter, clean # from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/table/pubmedhelp.T.publication_types/?report=objectonly PUBMED_RELEASE_TYPE_MAP = { # Adaptive Clinical Trial "Address": "speech", "Autobiography": "book", # Bibliography "Biography": "book", # Case Reports "Classical Article": "article-journal", # Clinical Conference # Clinical Study # Clinical Trial # Clinical Trial, Phase I # Clinical Trial, Phase II # Clinical Trial, Phase III # Clinical Trial, Phase IV # Clinical Trial Protocol # Clinical Trial, Veterinary # Collected Works # Comparative Study # Congress # Consensus Development Conference # Consensus Development Conference, NIH # Controlled Clinical Trial "Dataset": "dataset", # Dictionary # Directory # Duplicate Publication "Editorial": "editorial", # English Abstract # doesn't indicate that this is abstract-only # Equivalence Trial # Evaluation Studies # Expression of Concern # Festschrift # Government Document # Guideline "Historical Article": "article-journal", # Interactive Tutorial "Interview": "interview", "Introductory Journal Article": "article-journal", "Journal Article": "article-journal", "Lecture": "speech", "Legal Case": "legal_case", "Legislation": "legislation", "Letter": "letter", # Meta-Analysis # Multicenter Study # News "Newspaper Article": "article-newspaper", # Observational Study # Observational Study, Veterinary # Overall # Patient Education Handout # Periodical Index # Personal Narrative # Portrait # Practice Guideline # Pragmatic Clinical Trial # Publication Components # Publication Formats # Publication Type Category # Randomized Controlled Trial # Research Support, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act # Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural # Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural # Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. # Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. # Review # in the "literature review" sense, not "product review" # Scientific Integrity Review # Study Characteristics # Support of Research # Systematic Review "Technical Report": "report", # Twin Study # Validation Studies # Video-Audio Media # Webcasts } MONTH_ABBR_MAP = { "Jan": 1, "01": 1, "Feb": 2, "02": 2, "Mar": 3, "03": 3, "Apr": 4, "04": 4, "May": 5, "05": 5, "Jun": 6, "06": 6, "Jul": 7, "07": 7, "Aug": 8, "08": 8, "Sep": 9, "09": 9, "Oct": 10, "10": 10, "Nov": 11, "11": 11, "Dec": 12, "12": 12, } # From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7249/ COUNTRY_NAME_MAP = { "Afghanistan": "af", "Albania": "al", "Algeria": "dz", "Andorra": "ad", "Angola": "ao", "Antigua and Barbuda": "ag", "Argentina": "ar", "Armenia": "am", "Australia": "au", "Austria": "at", "Azerbaijan": "az", "Bahamas": "bs", "Bahrain": "bh", "Bangladesh": "bd", "Barbados": "bb", "Belarus": "by", "Belgium": "be", "Belize": "bz", "Benin": "bj", "Bhutan": "bt", "Bolivia": "bo", "Bosnia and Herzegowina": "ba", "Botswana": "bw", "Brazil": "br", "Brunei Darussalam": "bn", "Bulgaria": "bg", "Burkina Faso": "bf", "Burundi": "bi", "Cambodia": "kh", "Cameroon": "cm", "Canada": "ca", "Cape Verde": "cv", "Central African Republic": "cf", "Chad": "td", "Chile": "cl", "China": "cn", "Colombia": "co", "Comoros": "km", "Congo, Democratic Republic": "cd", "Congo, People’s Republic": "cg", "Costa Rica": "cr", "Cote d'Ivoire": "ci", "Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)": "hr", "Cuba": "cu", "Cyprus": "cy", "Czech Republic": "cz", "Denmark": "dk", "Djibouti": "dj", "Dominica": "dm", "Dominican Republic": "do", "East Timor": "tl", "Ecuador": "ec", "El Salvador": "sv", "Equatorial Guinea": "gq", "Eritrea": "er", "Estonia": "ee", "Ethiopia": "et", "Fiji": "fj", "Finland": "fi", "France": "fr", "Gabon": "ga", "Gambia": "gm", "Georgia": "ge", "Germany": "de", "Ghana": "gh", "Greece": "gr", "Greenland": "gl", "Grenada": "gd", "Guatemala": "gt", "Guinea": "gn", "Guinea-Bissau": "gw", "Guyana": "gy", "Haiti": "ht", "Honduras": "hn", "Hong Kong": "hk", "Hungary": "hu", "Iceland": "is", "India": "in", "Indonesia": "id", "Iran": "ir", "Iraq": "iq", "Ireland": "ie", "Israel": "il", "Italy": "it", "Jamaica": "jm", "Japan": "jp", "Jordan": "jo", "Kazakhstan": "kz", "Kenya": "ke", "Kiribati": "ki", "Korea, Democratic People's Republic": "kp", "Korea, Republic": "kr", "Kuwait": "kw", "Kyrgyzstan": "kg", "Laos": "la", "Latvia": "lv", "Lebanon": "lb", "Lesotho": "ls", "Liberia": "lr", "Libya": "ly", "Liechtenstein": "li", "Lithuania": "lt", "Luxembourg": "lu", "Macedonia": "mk", "Madagascar": "mg", "Malawi": "mw", "Malaysia": "my", "Maldives": "mv", "Mali": "ml", "Malta": "mt", "Marshall Islands": "mh", "Mauritania": "mr", "Mauritius": "mu", "Mexico": "mx", "Micronesia": "fm", "Moldova": "md", "Monaco": "mc", "Mongolia": "mn", "Morocco": "ma", "Mozambique": "mz", "Myanmar": "mm", "Namibia": "na", "Nauru": "nr", "Nepal": "np", "Netherlands": "nl", "New Zealand": "nz", "Nicaragua": "ni", "Niger": "ne", "Nigeria": "ng", "Norway": "no", "Oman": "om", "Pakistan": "pk", "Palau": "pw", "Panama": "pa", "Papua New Guinea": "pg", "Paraguay": "py", "Peru": "pe", "Philippines": "ph", "Poland": "pl", "Portugal": "pt", "Puerto Rico": "pr", "Qatar": "qa", "Romania": "ro", "Russian Federation": "ru", "Rwanda": "rw", "Saint Kitts and Nevis": "kn", "Saint Lucia": "lc", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines": "vc", "Samoa": "ws", "San Marino": "sm", "Sao Tome and Príncipe": "st", "Saudi Arabia": "sa", "Senegal": "sn", "Serbia and Montenegro": "cs", "Seychelles": "sc", "Sierra Leone": "sl", "Singapore": "sg", "Slovakia (Slovak Republic)": "sk", "Slovenia": "si", "Solomon Islands": "sb", "Somalia": "so", "South Africa": "za", "Spain": "es", "Sri Lanka": "lk", "Sudan": "sd", "Suriname": "sr", "Swaziland": "sz", "Sweden": "se", "Switzerland": "ch", "Syrian Arab Republic": "sy", "Taiwan": "tw", "Tajikistan": "tj", "Tanzania": "tz", "Tanzania": "tz", "Thailand": "th", "Togo": "tg", "Tonga": "to", "Trinidad and Tobago": "tt", "Tunisia": "tn", "Turkey": "tr", "Turkmenistan": "tm", "Tuvalu": "tv", "Uganda": "ug", "Ukraine": "ua", "United Arab Emirates": "ae", "United Kingdom": "gb", "United States": "us", "Uruguay": "uy", # Additions from running over large files "Bosnia and Herzegovina": "ba", # "International" "China (Republic : 1949- )": "tw", # pretty sure this is tw not cn "Russia (Federation)": "ru", "Scotland": "gb", "England": "gb", "Korea (South)": "kr", "Georgia (Republic)": "ge", "Egypt": "eg", } class PubmedImporter(EntityImporter): """ Importer for PubMed/MEDLINE XML metadata. If lookup_refs is true, will do identifer-based lookups for all references. TODO: MEDLINE doesn't include PMC/OA license; could include in importer? """ def __init__( self, api: ApiClient, issn_map_file: Sequence, lookup_refs: bool = True, **kwargs ): eg_desc = kwargs.get( "editgroup_description", "Automated import of PubMed/MEDLINE XML metadata" ) eg_extra = kwargs.get("editgroup_extra", dict()) eg_extra["agent"] = eg_extra.get("agent", "fatcat_tools.PubmedImporter") super().__init__( api, issn_map_file=issn_map_file, editgroup_description=eg_desc, editgroup_extra=eg_extra, **kwargs ) self.lookup_refs = lookup_refs self.create_containers = kwargs.get("create_containers", True) self.read_issn_map_file(issn_map_file) def want(self, raw_record: BeautifulSoup) -> bool: return True # TODO: mypy annotations partially skipped on this function ('Any' instead of # 'BeautifulSoup') for now because XML parsing annotations are large and # complex def parse_record(self, a: Any) -> ReleaseEntity: medline = a.MedlineCitation # PubmedData isn't required by DTD, but seems to always be present pubmed = a.PubmedData extra = dict() extra_pubmed = dict() identifiers = pubmed.ArticleIdList pmid = medline.PMID.string.strip() doi = identifiers.find("ArticleId", IdType="doi") if doi and doi.string: doi = clean_doi(doi.string) else: doi = None pmcid = identifiers.find("ArticleId", IdType="pmc") if pmcid: pmcid = clean_pmcid(pmcid.string.strip().upper()) release_type = None pub_types = [] for pub_type in medline.Article.PublicationTypeList.find_all("PublicationType"): pub_types.append(pub_type.string) if pub_type.string in PUBMED_RELEASE_TYPE_MAP: release_type = PUBMED_RELEASE_TYPE_MAP[pub_type.string] break if pub_types: extra_pubmed["pub_types"] = pub_types if medline.Article.PublicationTypeList.find(string="Retraction of Publication"): release_type = "retraction" retraction_of = medline.find("CommentsCorrections", RefType="RetractionOf") if retraction_of: if retraction_of.RefSource: extra_pubmed["retraction_of_raw"] = retraction_of.RefSource.string if retraction_of.PMID: extra_pubmed["retraction_of_pmid"] = retraction_of.PMID.string # everything in medline is published release_stage = "published" if medline.Article.PublicationTypeList.find(string="Corrected and Republished Article"): release_stage = "updated" if medline.Article.PublicationTypeList.find(string="Retraction of Publication"): release_stage = "retraction" withdrawn_status = None if medline.Article.PublicationTypeList.find(string="Retracted Publication"): withdrawn_status = "retracted" elif medline.find("CommentsCorrections", RefType="ExpressionOfConcernIn"): withdrawn_status = "concern" pages = medline.find("MedlinePgn") if pages: pages = pages.string title = medline.Article.ArticleTitle.get_text() # always present if title: title = title.replace("\n", " ") if title.endswith("."): title = title[:-1] # this hides some "special" titles, but the vast majority are # translations; translations don't always include the original_title if title.startswith("[") and title.endswith("]"): title = title[1:-1] else: # will filter out later title = None original_title = medline.Article.find("VernacularTitle", recurse=False) if original_title: original_title = original_title.get_text() or None original_title = original_title.replace("\n", " ") if original_title and original_title.endswith("."): original_title = original_title[:-1] if original_title and not title: # if we only have an "original" title, but not translated/english # title, sub in the original title so the entity can be created title = original_title original_title = None # TODO: happening in alpha order, not handling multi-language well. language = medline.Article.Language if language: language = language.get_text() if language in ("und", "un"): # "undetermined" language = None else: language = LANG_MAP_MARC.get(language) if not language and not (medline.Article.Language.get_text() in LANG_MAP_MARC): warnings.warn( "MISSING MARC LANG: {}".format(medline.Article.Language.string) ) ### Journal/Issue Metadata # MedlineJournalInfo is always present issnl = None container_id = None container_name = None container_extra = dict() mji = medline.MedlineJournalInfo if mji.find("Country"): country_name = mji.Country.string.strip() country_code = COUNTRY_NAME_MAP.get(country_name) if country_code: container_extra["country"] = country_code elif country_name: container_extra["country_name"] = country_name if mji.find("ISSNLinking"): issnl = mji.ISSNLinking.string journal = medline.Article.Journal issnp = journal.find("ISSN", IssnType="Print") if issnp: issnp = clean_issn(issnp.string) else: issnp = None if not issnl and issnp: issnl = self.issn2issnl(issnp) else: issnl = None if issnl: container_id = self.lookup_issnl(issnl) pub_date = medline.Article.find("ArticleDate") if not pub_date: pub_date = journal.PubDate if not pub_date: pub_date = journal.JournalIssue.PubDate release_date: Optional[str] = None release_year: Optional[int] = None if pub_date.Year: release_year = int(pub_date.Year.string) if pub_date.find("Day") and pub_date.find("Month"): try: release_date_date = datetime.date( release_year, MONTH_ABBR_MAP[pub_date.Month.string], int(pub_date.Day.string), ) release_date = release_date_date.isoformat() except ValueError as ve: print("bad date, skipping: {}".format(ve), file=sys.stderr) release_date = None elif pub_date.MedlineDate: medline_date = pub_date.MedlineDate.string.strip() if len(medline_date) >= 4 and medline_date[:4].isdigit(): release_year = int(medline_date[:4]) if release_year < 1300 or release_year > 2040: print( "bad medline year, skipping: {}".format(release_year), file=sys.stderr ) release_year = None else: print( "unparsable medline date, skipping: {}".format(medline_date), file=sys.stderr, ) if journal.find("Title"): container_name = journal.Title.get_text() if ( container_id is None and self.create_containers and (issnl is not None) and container_name ): # name, type, publisher, issnl # extra: original_name, languages, country ce = fatcat_openapi_client.ContainerEntity( name=container_name, container_type="journal", # NOTE: publisher not included issnl=issnl, issnp=issnp, extra=(container_extra or None), ) ce_edit = self.create_container(ce) container_id = ce_edit.ident self._issnl_id_map[issnl] = container_id ji = journal.JournalIssue volume = None if ji.find("Volume"): volume = ji.Volume.string issue = None if ji.find("Issue"): issue = ji.Issue.string ### Abstracts # "All abstracts are in English" abstracts = [] primary_abstract = medline.find("Abstract") if primary_abstract and primary_abstract.AbstractText.get("NlmCategory"): joined = "\n".join( [m.get_text() for m in primary_abstract.find_all("AbstractText")] ) abst = fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseAbstract( content=joined, mimetype="text/plain", lang="en", ) if abst.content: abstracts.append(abst) elif primary_abstract: for abstract in primary_abstract.find_all("AbstractText"): abst = fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseAbstract( content=abstract.get_text().strip(), mimetype="text/plain", lang="en", ) if abst.content: abstracts.append(abst) if abstract.find("math"): abst = fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseAbstract( # strip the tags content=str(abstract)[14:-15], mimetype="application/mathml+xml", lang="en", ) if abst.content: abstracts.append(abst) other_abstracts = medline.find_all("OtherAbstract") for other in other_abstracts: lang: Optional[str] = "en" if other.get("Language"): lang = LANG_MAP_MARC.get(other["Language"]) abst = fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseAbstract( content=other.AbstractText.get_text().strip(), mimetype="text/plain", lang=lang, ) if abst.content: abstracts.append(abst) ### Contribs contribs = [] if medline.AuthorList: for author in medline.AuthorList.find_all("Author"): creator_id = None given_name = None surname = None raw_name = None if author.ForeName: given_name = author.ForeName.get_text().replace("\n", " ") if author.LastName: surname = author.LastName.get_text().replace("\n", " ") if given_name and surname: raw_name = "{} {}".format(given_name, surname) elif surname: raw_name = surname if not raw_name and author.CollectiveName and author.CollectiveName.get_text(): raw_name = author.CollectiveName.get_text().replace("\n", " ") contrib_extra = dict() orcid = author.find("Identifier", Source="ORCID") if orcid: # needs re-formatting from, eg, "0000000179841889" orcid = orcid.string if orcid.startswith("http://orcid.org/"): orcid = orcid.replace("http://orcid.org/", "") elif orcid.startswith("https://orcid.org/"): orcid = orcid.replace("https://orcid.org/", "") elif "-" not in orcid: orcid = "{}-{}-{}-{}".format( orcid[0:4], orcid[4:8], orcid[8:12], orcid[12:16], ) creator_id = self.lookup_orcid(orcid) contrib_extra["orcid"] = orcid affiliations = author.find_all("Affiliation") raw_affiliation = None if affiliations: raw_affiliation = affiliations[0].get_text().replace("\n", " ") if len(affiliations) > 1: contrib_extra["more_affiliations"] = [ ra.get_text().replace("\n", " ") for ra in affiliations[1:] ] if author.find("EqualContrib"): # TODO: schema for this? contrib_extra["equal"] = True contribs.append( fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseContrib( raw_name=raw_name, given_name=given_name, surname=surname, role="author", raw_affiliation=raw_affiliation, creator_id=creator_id, extra=contrib_extra, ) ) if medline.AuthorList["CompleteYN"] == "N": contribs.append(fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseContrib(raw_name="et al.")) for i, contrib in enumerate(contribs): if contrib.raw_name != "et al.": contrib.index = i ### References refs = [] if pubmed.ReferenceList: # note that Reference always exists within a ReferenceList, but # that there may be multiple ReferenceList (eg, sometimes one per # Reference) for ref in pubmed.find_all("Reference"): ref_extra: Dict[str, Any] = dict() ref_doi = ref.find("ArticleId", IdType="doi") if ref_doi: ref_doi = clean_doi(ref_doi.string) ref_pmid = ref.find("ArticleId", IdType="pubmed") if ref_pmid: ref_pmid = clean_pmid(ref_pmid.string) ref_release_id = None if ref_doi: ref_extra["doi"] = ref_doi if self.lookup_refs: ref_release_id = self.lookup_doi(ref_doi) if ref_pmid: ref_extra["pmid"] = ref_pmid if self.lookup_refs: ref_release_id = self.lookup_pmid(ref_pmid) ref_raw = ref.Citation if ref_raw: ref_extra["unstructured"] = ref_raw.get_text() refs.append( fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseRef( target_release_id=ref_release_id, extra=ref_extra or None, ) ) # extra: # translation_of # aliases # container_name # group-title # pubmed: retraction refs if extra_pubmed: extra["pubmed"] = extra_pubmed title = clean(title) if not title: return None re = fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseEntity( work_id=None, title=title, original_title=clean(original_title), release_type=release_type, release_stage=release_stage, release_date=release_date, release_year=release_year, withdrawn_status=withdrawn_status, ext_ids=fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseExtIds( doi=doi, pmid=pmid, pmcid=pmcid, # isbn13 # never in Article ), volume=volume, issue=issue, pages=pages, # publisher # not included? language=language, # license_slug # not in MEDLINE abstracts=abstracts or None, contribs=contribs or None, refs=refs or None, container_id=container_id, extra=extra or None, ) return re def try_update(self, re: ReleaseEntity) -> bool: # first, lookup existing by PMID (which must be defined) existing = None try: existing = self.api.lookup_release(pmid=re.ext_ids.pmid) except fatcat_openapi_client.rest.ApiException as err: if err.status != 404: raise err # then try DOI lookup if there is one if not existing and re.ext_ids.doi: try: existing = self.api.lookup_release(doi=re.ext_ids.doi) except fatcat_openapi_client.rest.ApiException as err: if err.status != 404: raise err if existing and existing.ext_ids.pmid and existing.ext_ids.pmid != re.ext_ids.pmid: warn_str = "PMID/DOI mismatch: release {}, pmid {} != {}".format( existing.ident, existing.ext_ids.pmid, re.ext_ids.pmid ) warnings.warn(warn_str) self.counts["warn-pmid-doi-mismatch"] += 1 # don't clobber DOI, but do group together re.ext_ids.doi = None re.work_id = existing.work_id if existing and not self.do_updates: self.counts["exists"] += 1 return False if existing and existing.ext_ids.pmid and (existing.refs or not re.refs): # TODO: any other reasons to do an update? # don't update if it already has PMID self.counts["exists"] += 1 return False elif existing: # but do update if only DOI was set existing.ext_ids.doi = existing.ext_ids.doi or re.ext_ids.doi existing.ext_ids.pmid = existing.ext_ids.pmid or re.ext_ids.pmid existing.ext_ids.pmcid = existing.ext_ids.pmcid or re.ext_ids.pmcid existing.container_id = existing.container_id or re.container_id existing.refs = existing.refs or re.refs existing.abstracts = existing.abstracts or re.abstracts existing.extra["pubmed"] = re.extra["pubmed"] # fix stub titles if existing.title in [ "OUP accepted manuscript", ]: existing.title = re.title existing.original_title = existing.original_title or re.original_title existing.release_type = existing.release_type or re.release_type existing.release_stage = existing.release_stage or re.release_stage existing.release_date = existing.release_date or re.release_date existing.release_year = existing.release_year or re.release_year existing.withdrawn_status = existing.withdrawn_status or re.withdrawn_status existing.volume = existing.volume or re.volume existing.issue = existing.issue or re.issue existing.pages = existing.pages or re.pages existing.language = existing.language or re.language # update subtitle in-place first if not existing.subtitle and existing.extra.get("subtitle"): subtitle = existing.extra.pop("subtitle") if type(subtitle) == list: subtitle = subtitle[0] if subtitle: existing.subtitle = subtitle if not existing.subtitle: existing.subtitle = re.subtitle try: self.api.update_release(self.get_editgroup_id(), existing.ident, existing) self.counts["update"] += 1 except fatcat_openapi_client.rest.ApiException as err: # there is a code path where we try to update the same release # twice in a row; if that happens, just skip # NOTE: API behavior might change in the future? if "release_edit_editgroup_id_ident_id_key" in err.body: self.counts["skip-update-conflict"] += 1 return False else: raise err finally: return False return True def insert_batch(self, batch: List[ReleaseEntity]) -> None: self.api.create_release_auto_batch( fatcat_openapi_client.ReleaseAutoBatch( editgroup=fatcat_openapi_client.Editgroup( description=self.editgroup_description, extra=self.editgroup_extra ), entity_list=batch, ) ) def parse_file(self, handle: Any) -> None: # 1. open with beautiful soup soup = BeautifulSoup(handle, "xml") # 2. iterate over articles, call parse_article on each for article in soup.find_all("PubmedArticle"): resp = self.parse_record(article) print(json.dumps(resp)) # sys.exit(-1)