""" Pubmed harvest via FTP. Assumptions: * fixed hostname and directory structure * XML files are gzip compressed * accompanying HTML files contain correct dates """ import collections import datetime import ftplib import gzip import io import os import re import shutil import socket import subprocess import sys import tempfile import time import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET import zlib from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, Optional from urllib.parse import urlparse import dateparser from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from confluent_kafka import KafkaException, Producer from .harvest_common import HarvestState class PubmedFTPWorker: """ Access Pubmed FTP for daily updates. * Server directory: ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/updatefiles * Docs: ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/updatefiles/README.txt Daily Update Files (02/2020) ---------------------------- Each day, NLM produces update files that include new, revised and deleted citations. The first Update file to be loaded after loading the complete set of 2019 MEDLINE/PubMed Baseline files is pubmed20n1016.xml. Usually, three files per update, e.g.: * ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/updatefiles/pubmed20n1016_stats.html * ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/updatefiles/pubmed20n1016.xml.gz * ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/updatefiles/pubmed20n1016.xml.gz.md5 Currently (02/2020) the HTML contains the date.

Filename: pubmed20n1019.xml -- Created: Wed Dec 18 14:31:09 EST 2019

""" def __init__( self, kafka_hosts: str, produce_topic: str, state_topic: str, start_date: Optional[datetime.date] = None, end_date: Optional[datetime.date] = None, ): self.name = "Pubmed" self.host = "ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" self.produce_topic = produce_topic self.state_topic = state_topic self.kafka_config = { "bootstrap.servers": kafka_hosts, "message.max.bytes": 20000000, # ~20 MBytes; broker is ~50 MBytes } self.loop_sleep = 60 * 60 # how long to wait, in seconds, between date checks self.state = HarvestState(start_date, end_date) self.state.initialize_from_kafka(self.state_topic, self.kafka_config) self.producer = self._kafka_producer() self.date_file_map: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None def _kafka_producer(self) -> Producer: def fail_fast(err: Any, _msg: None) -> None: if err is not None: print("Kafka producer delivery error: {}".format(err), file=sys.stderr) print("Bailing out...", file=sys.stderr) # TODO: should it be sys.exit(-1)? raise KafkaException(err) self._kafka_fail_fast = fail_fast producer_conf = self.kafka_config.copy() producer_conf.update( { "delivery.report.only.error": True, "default.topic.config": { "request.required.acks": -1, # all brokers must confirm }, } ) return Producer(producer_conf) def fetch_date(self, date: datetime.date) -> bool: """ Fetch file or files for a given date and feed Kafka one article per message. If the fetched XML does not contain a PMID an exception is raised. If no date file mapping is found, this will fail. """ if self.date_file_map is None: raise ValueError("cannot fetch date without date file mapping") date_str = date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") paths = self.date_file_map.get(date_str) if paths is None: print( "WARN: no pubmed update for this date: {} (UTC), available dates were: {}".format( date_str, self.date_file_map ), file=sys.stderr, ) return False count = 0 for path in paths: # Fetch and decompress file. url = "ftp://{}{}".format(self.host, path) filename = ftpretr( url, proxy_hostport="159.69.240.245:15201" ) # TODO: proxy obsolete, when networking issue is resolved with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix="fatcat-ftp-tmp-", delete=False) as decomp: try: gzf = gzip.open(filename) shutil.copyfileobj(gzf, decomp) except zlib.error as exc: print( "[skip] retrieving {} failed with {} (maybe empty, missing or broken gzip)".format( url, exc ), file=sys.stderr, ) continue # Here, blob is the unparsed XML; we peek into it to use PMID as # message key. We need streaming, since some updates would consume # GBs otherwise. # WARNING: Parsing foreign XML exposes us at some # https://docs.python.org/3/library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities # here. for blob in xmlstream(decomp.name, "PubmedArticle", encoding="utf-8"): soup = BeautifulSoup(blob, "xml") pmid = soup.find("PMID") if pmid is None: raise ValueError("no PMID found, please adjust identifier extraction") count += 1 if count % 50 == 0: print("... up to {}".format(count), file=sys.stderr) self.producer.produce( self.produce_topic, blob, key=pmid.text, on_delivery=self._kafka_fail_fast ) self.producer.flush() os.remove(filename) os.remove(decomp.name) return True def run(self, continuous: bool = False) -> None: while True: self.date_file_map = generate_date_file_map(host=self.host) if len(self.date_file_map) == 0: raise ValueError( "map from dates to files should not be empty, maybe the HTML changed?" ) current = self.state.next_span(continuous) if current: print("Fetching citations updated on {} (UTC)".format(current), file=sys.stderr) self.fetch_date(current) self.state.complete( current, kafka_topic=self.state_topic, kafka_config=self.kafka_config ) continue if continuous: print("Sleeping {} seconds...".format(self.loop_sleep)) time.sleep(self.loop_sleep) else: break print("{} FTP ingest caught up".format(self.name)) def generate_date_file_map(host: str = "ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov") -> Dict[str, Any]: """ Generate a DefaultDict[string, set] mapping dates to absolute filepaths on the server (mostly we have one file, but sometimes more). Example: {"2020-01-02": set(["/pubmed/updatefiles/pubmed20n1016.xml.gz"]), ...} """ mapping = collections.defaultdict(set) pattern = re.compile(r"Filename: ([^ ]*.xml) -- Created: ([^<]*)") ftp = ftplib.FTP(host) ftp.login() filenames = ftp.nlst("/pubmed/updatefiles") retries, retry_delay = 10, 60 for name in filenames: if not name.endswith(".html"): continue sio = io.StringIO() for i in range(retries): try: # Previously, from 2020-12-14 to 2021-06-30 everything worked # fine, then a request for # /pubmed/updatefiles/pubmed21n1328_stats.html would always # fail with an EOFError, or when retried with a 32 # BrokenPipeError. Suspecting the server for some unknown # reason dropped the connection. # # Using a fresh client, the exact same file would work just # fine. So when we retry, we setup a new client here as well. if i > 0: ftp = ftplib.FTP(host) ftp.login() sio.truncate(0) ftp.retrlines("RETR {}".format(name), sio.write) except (EOFError, ftplib.error_temp, socket.gaierror, BrokenPipeError) as exc: print( "ftp retr on {} failed with {} ({}) ({} retries left)".format( name, exc, type(exc), retries - (i + 1) ), file=sys.stderr, ) if i + 1 == retries: raise else: time.sleep(retry_delay) else: break contents = sio.getvalue() match = pattern.search(contents) if match is None: print( "pattern miss in {} on: {}, may need to adjust pattern: {}".format( name, contents, pattern ), file=sys.stderr, ) continue ( filename, filedate, ) = match.groups() # ('pubmed20n1017.xml', 'Tue Dec 17 15:23:32 EST 2019') date = dateparser.parse(filedate) assert date is not None fullpath = "/pubmed/updatefiles/{}.gz".format(filename) date_str = date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") mapping[date_str].add(fullpath) print("added entry for {}: {}".format(date_str, fullpath), file=sys.stderr) print("generated date-file mapping for {} dates".format(len(mapping)), file=sys.stderr) return mapping def ftpretr( url: str, max_retries: int = 10, retry_delay: int = 1, proxy_hostport: Optional[str] = None ) -> str: """ Note: This might move into a generic place in the future. Fetch (RETR) a remote file given by its URL (e.g. "ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/updatefiles/pubmed20n1016.xml.gz") to a local temporary file. Returns the name of the local, closed temporary file. It is the responsibility of the caller to cleanup the temporary file. Implements a basic retry mechanism, e.g. that became an issue in 08/2021, when we encountered EOFError while talking to the FTP server. Retry delay in seconds. """ if proxy_hostport is not None: return ftpretr_via_http_proxy( url, proxy_hostport, max_retries=max_retries, retry_delay=retry_delay ) parsed = urlparse(url) server, path = parsed.netloc, parsed.path for i in range(max_retries): try: ftp = ftplib.FTP(server) ftp.login() with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix="fatcat-ftp-tmp-", delete=False) as f: print( "retrieving {} from {} to {} ...".format(path, server, f.name), file=sys.stderr, ) ftp.retrbinary("RETR %s" % path, f.write) ftp.close() except EOFError as exc: print( "ftp retrbinary on {} failed with {} ({}) ({} retries left)".format( path, exc, type(exc), max_retries - (i + 1) ), file=sys.stderr, ) if i + 1 == max_retries: raise else: time.sleep(retry_delay) else: return f.name assert False, "Unreachable code branch" def ftpretr_via_http_proxy( url: str, proxy_hostport: str = "ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", max_retries: int = 10, retry_delay: int = 1, ) -> str: """ Fetch file from FTP via external HTTP proxy, e.g. ftp.host.com:/a/b/c would be retrievable via proxy.com/a/b/c; (in 09/2021 we used "159.69.240.245:15201" as proxy_hostport but that started to fail 2021-10-15; just switch to NIH's http version). """ parsed = urlparse(url) _, path = parsed.netloc, parsed.path for i in range(max_retries): try: url = "http://{}{}".format(proxy_hostport, path) print("retrieving file via proxy (ftpup) from {}".format(url), file=sys.stderr) with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix="fatcat-ftp-tmp-", delete=False) as f: cmd = ["wget", "-c", url, "-O", f.name] subprocess.run(cmd) return f.name except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError, ValueError) as exc: print( "ftp fetch {} failed with {} ({}) ({} retries left)".format( url, exc, type(exc), max_retries - (i + 1) ), file=sys.stderr, ) if i + 1 == max_retries: raise time.sleep(retry_delay) assert False, "Unreachable code branch" def xmlstream(filename: str, tag: str, encoding: str = "utf-8") -> Generator[Any, Any, Any]: """ Note: This might move into a generic place in the future. Given a path to an XML file and a tag name (without namespace), stream through the XML and yield elements denoted by tag as string. for snippet in xmlstream("sample.xml", "sometag"): print(len(snippet)) Known vulnerabilities: https://docs.python.org/3/library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities """ def strip_ns(tag: str) -> str: if "}" not in tag: return tag return tag.split("}")[1] # https://stackoverflow.com/a/13261805, http://effbot.org/elementtree/iterparse.htm context = iter( ET.iterparse( filename, events=( "start", "end", ), ) ) try: _, root = next(context) except StopIteration: return for event, elem in context: if not strip_ns(elem.tag) == tag or event == "start": continue yield ET.tostring(elem, encoding=encoding) root.clear()