# Entity Field Reference All entities have: - `extra`: free-form JSON metadata The "extra" field is an "escape hatch" to include extra fields not in the regular schema. It is intended to enable gradual evolution of the schema, as well as accommodating niche or field-specific content. That being said, reasonable limits should be adhered to. ## Containers - `name`: (string, required). The title of the publication, as used in international indexing services. Eg, "Journal of Important Results". Not necessarily in the native language, but also not necessarily in English. Alternative titles (and translations) can be stored in "extra" metadata (TODO: what field?). - `publisher` (string): The name of the publishing organization. Eg, "Society of Curious Students". - `issnl` (string): an external identifier, with registration controlled by the [ISSN organization](http://www.issn.org/). Registration is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain (depending on world region), so almost all serial publications have one. The ISSN-L ("linking ISSN") is one of either the print ("ISSNp") or electronic ("ISSNe") identifiers for a serial publication; not all publications have both types of ISSN, but many do, which can cause confusion. The ISSN master list is not gratis/public, but the ISSN-L mapping is. - `wikidata_qid` (string): external linking identifier to a Wikidata entity. - `abbrev` (string): a commonly used abbreviation for the publication, as used in citations, following the [ISO 4]() standard. Eg, "Journal of Polymer Science Part A" -> "J. Polym. Sci. A". Alternative abbreviations can be stored in "extra" metadata. (TODO: what field?) - `coden` (string): an external identifier, the [CODEN code](). 6 characters, all upper-case. [CODEN]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODEN ## Creators See ["Human Names"](./style_guide.index##human-names) sub-section of style guide. - `display_name` (string, required): Eg, "Grace Hopper". - `given_name` (string): Eg, "Grace". - `surname` (string): Eg, "Hooper". - `orcid` (string): external identifier, as registered with ORCID. - `wikidata_qid` (string): external linking identifier to a Wikidata entity. ## Files - `size` (positive, non-zero integer): Eg: 1048576. - `sha1` (string): Eg: "f013d66c7f6817d08b7eb2a93e6d0440c1f3e7f8". - `md5`: Eg: "d41efcc592d1e40ac13905377399eb9b". - `sha256`: Eg: "a77e4c11a57f1d757fca5754a8f83b5d4ece49a2d28596889127c1a2f3f28832". - `urls`: An array of "typed" URLs. Order is not meaningful, and may not be preserved. - `url` (string, required): Eg: "https://example.edu/~frau/prcding.pdf". - `rel` (string, required): Eg: "webarchive". - `mimetype` (string): example: "application/pdf" - `releases` (array of identifiers): references to `release` entities that this file represents a manifestation of. Note that a single file can contain multiple release references (eg, a PDF containing a full issue with many articles), and that a release will often have multiple files (differing only by watermarks, or different digitizations of the same printed work, or variant MIME/media types of the same published work). See also "Work/Release/File Distinctions". ## Releases - `title` (required): the title of the release. - `work_id` (fatcat identifier; required): the (single) work that this release is grouped under. If not specified in a creation (`POST`) action, the API will auto-generate a work. - `container_id` (fatcat identifier): a (single) container that this release is part of. When expanded the `container` field contains the full `container` entity. - `release_type` (string, controlled set): represents the medium or form-factor of this release; eg, "book" versus "journal article". Not necessarily consistent across all releases of a work. See definitions below. - `release_status` (string, controlled set): represents the publishing/review lifecycle status of this particular release of the work. See definitions below. - `release_date` (string, date format): when this release was first made publicly available - `doi` (string): full DOI number, lower-case. Example: "10.1234/abcde.789". See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. - `isbn13` (string): external identifier for books. ISBN-9 and other formats should be converted to canonical ISBN-13. See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. - `core_id` (string): external identifier for the [CORE] open access aggregator. These identifiers are integers, but stored in string format. See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. - `pmid` (string): external identifier for PubMed database. These are bare integers, but stored in a string format. See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. - `pmcid` (string): external identifier for PubMed Central database. These are integers prefixed with "PMC" (upper case), like "PMC4321". See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. - `wikidata_qid` (string): external identifier for Wikidata entities. These are integers prefixed with "Q", like "Q4321". Each `release` entity can be associated with at most one Wikidata entity (this field is not an array), and Wikidata entities should be associated with at most a single `release`. In the future it may be possible to associate Wikidata entities with `work` entities instead. See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. - `volume` (string): optionally, stores the specific volume of a serial publication this release was published in. type: string - `issue` (string): optionally, stores the specific issue of a serial publication this release was published in. - `pages` (string): the pages (within a volume/issue of a publication) that this release can be looked up under. This is a free-form string, and could represent the first page, a range of pages, or even prefix pages (like "xii-xxx"). - `publisher` (string): name of the publishing entity. This does not need to be populated if the associated `container` entity has the publisher field set, though it is acceptable to duplicate, as the publishing entity of a container may differ over time. Should be set for singleton releases, like books. - `language` (string): the primary language used in this particular release of the work. Only a single language can be specified; additional languages can be stored in "extra" metadata (TODO: which field?). This field should be a valid RFC1766/ISO639-1 language code ("with extensions"), aka a controlled vocabulary, not a free-form name of the language. - `contribs`: an array of authorship and other `creator` contributions to this release. Contribution fields include: - `index` (integer, optional): the (zero-indexed) order of this author. Authorship order has significance in many fields. Non-author contributions (illustration, translation, editorship) may or may not be ordered, depending on context, but index numbers should be unique per release (aka, there should not be "first author" and "first translator") - `creator_id` (identifier): if known, a reference to a specific `creator` - `raw_name` (string): the name of the contributor, as attributed in the text of this work. If the `creator_id` is linked, this may be different from the `display_name`; if a creator is not linked, this field is particularly important. Syntax and name order is not specified, but most often will be "display order", not index/alphabetical (in Western tradition, surname followed by given name). - `role` (string, of a set): the type of contribution, from a controlled vocabulary. TODO: vocabulary needs review. - `extra` (string): additional context can go here. For example, author affiliation, "this is the corresponding author", etc. - `refs`: an array of references (aka, citations) to other releases. References can only be linked to a specific target release (not a work), though it may be ambiguous which release of a work is being referenced if the citation is not specific enough. Reference fields include: - `index` (integer, optional): reference lists and bibliographies almost always have an implicit order. Zero-indexed. Note that this is distinct from the `key` field. - `target_release_id` (fatcat identifier): if known, and the release exists, a cross-reference to the fatcat entity - `extra` (JSON, optional): additional citation format metadata can be stored here, particularly if the citation schema does not align. Common fields might be "volume", "authors", "issue", "publisher", "url", and external identifiers ("doi", "isbn13"). - `key` (string): works often reference works with a short slug or index number, which can be captured here. For example, "[BROWN2017]". Keys generally supersede the `index` field, though both can/should be supplied. - `year` (integer): year of publication of the cited release. - `container_title` (string): if applicable, the name of the container of the release being cited, as written in the citation (usually an abbreviation). - `title` (string): the title of the work/release being cited, as written. - `locator` (string): a more specific reference into the work/release being cited, for example the page number(s). For web reference, store the URL in "extra", not here. Controlled vocabulary for `release_type` is derived from the Crossref `type` vocabulary (TODO: should it follow [CSL types](http://docs.citationstyles.org/en/stable/specification.html#appendix-iii-types) instead?): - `journal-article` - `proceedings-article` - `monograph` - `dissertation` - `book` (and `edited-book`, `reference-book`) - `book-chapter` (and `book-part`, `book-section`, though much rarer) is allowed as these are frequently referenced and read independent of the entire book. The data model does not currently support linking a subset of a release to an entity representing the entire release. The release/work/file distinctions should not be used to group chapters into complete work; a book chapter can be it's own work. A paper which is republished as a chapter (eg, in a collection, or "edited" book) can have both releases under one work. The criteria of whether to "split" a book and have release entities for each chapter is whether the chapter has been cited/reference as such. - `dissertation` - `dataset` (though representation with `file` entities is TBD). - `monograph` - `report` - `standard` - `posted-content` is allowed, but may be re-categorized. For crossref, this seems to imply a journal article or report which is not published (pre-print) - `other` matches Crossref `other` works, which may (and generally should) have a more specific type set. - `web-post` (custom extension) for blog posts, essays, and other individual works on websites - `website` (custom extension) for entire web sites and wikis. - `presentation` (custom extension) for, eg, slides and recorded conference presentations themselves, as distinct from `proceedings-article` - `editorial` (custom extension) for columns, "in this issue", and other content published along peer-reviewed content in journals. Can bleed in to "other" or "stub" - `book-review` (custom extension) - `letter` for "letters to the editor", "authors respond", and sub-article-length published content - `example` (custom extension) for dummy or example releases that have valid (registered) identifiers. Other metadata does not need to match "canonical" examples. - `stub` (custom extension) for releases which have notable external identifiers, and thus are included "for completeness", but don't seem to represent a "full work". An example might be a paper that gets an extra DOI by accident; the primary DOI should be a full release, and the accidental DOI can be a `stub` release under the same work. `stub` releases shouldn't be considered full releases when counting or aggregating (though if technically difficult this may not always be implemented). Other things that can be categorized as stubs (which seem to often end up mis-categorized as full articles in bibliographic databases): - an abstract, which is only an abstract of a larger work - commercial advertisements - "trap" or "honey pot" works, which are fakes included in databases to detect re-publishing without attribution - "This page is intentionally blank" - "About the author", "About the editors", "About the cover" - "Acknowledgments" - "Notices" Other types from Crossref (such as `component`, `reference-entry`) are valid, but are not actively solicited for inclusion, as they are not the current focus of the database. In the future, some types (like `journal`, `proceedings`, and `book-series`) will probably be represented as `container` entities. How to represent other container-like types (like `report-series` or `book-series`) is TBD. Controlled vocabulary for `release_status`: - `published` for any version of the work that was "formally published", or any variant that can be considered a "proof", "camera ready", "archival", "version of record" or "definitive" that have no meaningful differences from the "published" version. Note that "meaningful" here will need to be explored. - `corrected` for a version of a work that, after formal publication, has been revised and updated. Could be the "version of record". - `pre-print`, for versions of a work which have not been submitted for peer review or formal publication - `post-print`, often a post-peer-review version of a work that does not have publisher-supplied copy-editing, typesetting, etc. - `draft` in the context of book publication or online content (shouldn't be applied to journal articles), is an unpublished, but somehow notable version of a work. - If blank, indicates status isn't known, and wasn't inferred at creation time. Can often be interpreted as `published`. Controlled vocabulary for `role` field on `contribs`: - `author` - `translator` - `illustrator` - `editor` - If blank, indicates that type of contribution is not known; this can often be interpreted as authorship. Current "extra" fields, flags, and content: - `crossref` (object), for extra crossref-specific metadata - `is_retracted` (boolean flag) if this work has been retracted - `translation_of` (release identifier) if this release is a translation of another (usually under the same work) - `arxiv_id` (string) external identifier to a (version-specific) [arxiv.org]() work [arxiv.org]: https://arxiv.org ### Abstracts Abstract *contents* (in raw string form) are stored in their own table, and are immutable (not editable), but there is release-specific metadata as part of `release` entities. - `sha1` (string, hex, required): reference to the abstract content (string). Example: "3f242a192acc258bdfdb151943419437f440c313" - `content` (string): The abstract raw content itself. Example: `<jats:p>Some abstract thing goes here</jats:p>` - `mimetype` (string): not formally required, but should effectively always get set. `text/plain` if the abstract doesn't have a structured format - `lang` (string, controlled set): the human language this abstract is in. See the `lang` field of release for format and vocabulary. ## Works Works have no field! They just group releases.