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| -rw-r--r-- | guide/src/SUMMARY.md | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | guide/src/entity_fields.md | 302 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | guide/src/goals.md | 93 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | guide/src/overview.md | 92 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | guide/src/sources.md | 28 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | guide/src/style_guide.md | 26 |
6 files changed, 449 insertions, 93 deletions
diff --git a/guide/src/SUMMARY.md b/guide/src/SUMMARY.md index 736bb2cf..16f33ff1 100644 --- a/guide/src/SUMMARY.md +++ b/guide/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ # Outline - [Fatcat Overview](./overview.md) + - [Goals and Related Projects](./goals.md) - [Data Model](./data_model.md) - [Workflow](./workflow.md) - [Sources](./sources.md) diff --git a/guide/src/entity_fields.md b/guide/src/entity_fields.md index 1a9e7bd4..0d0b2d6f 100644 --- a/guide/src/entity_fields.md +++ b/guide/src/entity_fields.md @@ -1 +1,303 @@ # Entity Field Reference + +All entities have: + +- `extra`: free-form JSON metadata + +The "extra" field is an "escape hatch" to include extra fields not in the +regular schema. It is intented to enable gradual evolution of the schema, as +well as accomodating niche or field-specific content. That being said, +reasonable limits should be adhered to. + +## Containers + +- `name`: (string, required). The title of the publication, as used in + international indexing services. Eg, "Journal of Important Results". Not + necessarily in the native language, but also not necessarily in English. + Alternative titles (and translations) can be stored in "extra" metadata + (TODO: what field?). +- `publisher` (string): The name of the publishing organization. Eg, "Society + of Curious Students". +- `issnl` (string): an external identifier, with registration controlled by the + [ISSN organization](http://www.issn.org/). Registration is relatively + inexpensive and easy to obtain (depending on world region), so almost all + serial publications have one. The ISSN-L ("linking ISSN") is one of either + the print ("ISSNp") or electronic ("ISSNe") identifiers for a serial + publication; not all publications have both types of ISSN, but many do, which + can cause confusion. The ISSN master list is not gratis/public, but the + ISSN-L mapping is. +- `wikidata_qid` (string): external linking identifier to a Wikidata entity. +- `abbrev` (string): a commonly used abbreviation for the publication, as used + in citations, following the [ISO 4]() standard. Eg, "Journal of Polymer + Science Part A" -> "J. Polym. Sci. A". Alternative abbreviations can be + stored in "extra" metadata. (TODO: what field?) +- `coden` (string): an external identifier, the [CODEN code](). 6 characters, + all upper-case. + +[CODEN]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODEN + +## Creators + +See ["Human Names"](./style_guide.index##human-names) sub-section of style +guide. + +- `display_name` (string, required): Eg, "Grace Hopper". +- `given_name` (string): Eg, "Grace". +- `surname` (string): Eg, "Hooper". +- `orcid` (string): external identifier, as registered with ORCID. +- `wikidata_qid` (string): external linking identifier to a Wikidata entity. + +## Files + +- `size` (positive, non-zero integer): Eg: 1048576. +- `sha1` (string): Eg: "f013d66c7f6817d08b7eb2a93e6d0440c1f3e7f8". +- `md5`: Eg: "d41efcc592d1e40ac13905377399eb9b". +- `sha256`: Eg: "a77e4c11a57f1d757fca5754a8f83b5d4ece49a2d28596889127c1a2f3f28832". +- `urls`: An array of "typed" URLs. Order is not meaningful, and may not be + preserved. + - `url` (string, required): + Eg: "https://example.edu/~frau/prcding.pdf". + - `rel` (string, required): + Eg: "webarchive". +- `mimetype` (string): + example: "application/pdf" +- `releases` (array of identifiers): references to `release` entities that this + file represents a manifestation of. Note that a single file can contain + multiple release references (eg, a PDF containing a full issue with many + articles), and that a release will often have multiple files (differing only + by watermarks, or different digitizations of the same printed work, or + variant MIME/media types of the same published work). See also + "Work/Release/File Distinctions". + +## Releases + +- `title: (required) + type: string +- `work_id: + type: string + example: "q3nouwy3nnbsvo3h5klxsx4a7y" +- `container: + $ref: "#/definitions/container_entity" + description: "Optional; GET-only" +- `files: + description: "Optional; GET-only" + type: array + items: + $ref: "#/definitions/file_entity" +- `container_id: + type: string + example: "q3nouwy3nnbsvo3h5klxsx4a7y" +- `release_type: + type: string + example: "book" +- `release_status: + type: string + example: "preprint" +- `release_date: + type: string + format: date +- `doi: + type: string + #format: custom + example: "10.1234/abcde.789" See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. +- `isbn13` (string): external identifer for books. ISBN-9 and other formats + should be converted to canonical ISBN-13. See the "External Identifiers" + section of style guide. +- `core_id` (string): external identifier for the [CORE] open access + aggregator. These identifiers are integers, but stored in string format. See + the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. +- `pmid` (string): external identifier for PubMed database. These are bare + integers, but stored in a string format. See the "External Identifiers" + section of style guide. +- `pmcid` (string): external identifier for PubMed Central database. These are + integers prefixed with "PMC" (upper case), like "PMC4321". See the "External + Identifiers" section of style guide. +- `wikidata_qid` (string): external identifier for Wikidata entities. These are + integers prefixed with "Q", like "Q4321". Each `release` entity can be + associated with at most one Wikidata entity (this field is not an array), and + Wikidata entities should be associated with at most a single `release`. In + the future it may be possible to associate Wikidata entities with `work` + entities instead. See the "External Identifiers" section of style guide. +- `volume` (string): optionally, stores the specific volume of a serial + publication this release was published in. + type: string +- `issue` (string): optionally, stores the specific issue of a serial + publication this release was published in. +- `pages` (string): the pages (within a volume/issue of a publication) that + this release can be looked up under. This is a free-form string, and could + represent the first page, a range of pages, or even prefix pages (like + "xii-xxx"). +- `publisher` (string): name of the publishing entity. This does not need to be + populated if the associated `container` entity has the publisher field set, + though it is acceptable to duplicate, as the publishing entity of a container + may differ over time. Should be set for singleton releases, like books. +- `language` (string): the primary language used in this particular release of + the work. Only a single language can be specified; additional languages can + be stored in "extra" metadata (TODO: which field?). This field should be a + valid RFC1766/ISO639-1 language code ("with extensions"), aka a controlled + vocabulary, not a free-form name of the language. +- `contribs`: an array of authorship and other `creator` contributions to this + release. Contribution fields include: + - `index` (integer, optional): the (zero-indexed) order of this + author. Authorship order has significance in many fields. Non-author + contributions (illustration, translation, editorship) may or may not be + ordered, depending on context, but index numbers should be unique per + release (aka, there should not be "first author" and "first translator") + - `creator_id` (identifier): if known, a reference to a specific `creator` + - `raw_name` (string): the name of the contributor, as attributed in the + text of this work. If the `creator_id` is linked, this may be different + from the `display_name`; if a creator is not linked, this field is + particularly important. Syntax and name order is not specified, but most + often will be "display order", not index/alphabetical (in Western + tradition, surname followed by given name). + - `role` (string, of a set): the type of contribution, from a controlled + vocabulary. TODO: vocabulary needs review. + - `extra` (string): additional context can go here. For example, author + affiliation, "this is the corresponding author", etc. +- `refs`: an array of references (aka, citations) to other releases. References + can only be linked to a specific target release (not a work), though it may + be ambugious which release of a work is being referenced if the citation is + not specific enough. Reference fields include: + - index: + type: integer + format: int64 + - target_release_id: + type: string + #format: ident + - extra: + type: object + additionalProperties: {} + - key: + type: string + - year: + type: integer + format: int64 + - container_title: + type: string + - title: + type: string + - locator: + type: string + example: "p123" + +Controlled vocabulary for `release_type` is derived from the Crossref `type` +vocabulary: + +- `journal-article` +- `proceedings-article` +- `monograph` +- `dissertation` +- `book` (and `edited-book`, `reference-book`) +- `book-chapter` (and `book-part`, `book-section`, though much rarer) is + allowed as these are frequently referenced and read independent of the entire + book. The data model does not currently support linking a subset of a release + to an entity representing the entire release. The release/work/file + distinctions should not be used to group chapters into complete work; a book + chapter can be it's own work. A paper which is republished as a chapter (eg, + in a collection, or "edited" book) can have both releases under one work. The + criteria of whether to "split" a book and have release entities for each + chapter is whether the chapter has been cited/reference as such. +- `dissertation` +- `dataset` (though representation with `file` entities is TBD). +- `monograph` +- `report` +- `standard` +- `posted-content` is allowed, but may be re-categorized. For crossref, this + seems to imply a journal article or report which is not published (pre-print) +- `other` matches Crossref `other` works, which may (and generally should) have + a more specific type set. +- `web-post` (custom extension) for blog posts, essays, and other individual + works on websites +- `website` (custom extension) for entire web sites and wikis. +- `presentation` (custom extension) for, eg, slides and recorded conference + presentations themselves, as distinct from `proceedings-article` +- `editorial` (custom extension) for columns, "in this issue", and other + content published along peer-reviewed content in journals. Can bleed in to + "other" or "stub" +- `book-review` (custom extension) +- `letter` for "letters to the editor", "authors respond", and + sub-article-length published content +- `example` (custom extension) for dummy or example releases that have valid + (registered) identifiers. Other metadata does not need to match "canonical" + examples. +- `stub` (custom extension) for releases which have notable external + identifiers, and thus are included "for completeness", but don't seem to + represent a "full work". An example might be a paper that gets an extra DOI + by accident; the primary DOI should be a full release, and the accidental DOI + can be a `stub` release under the same work. `stub` releases shouldn't be + considered full releases when counting or aggregating (though if technically + difficult this may not always be implemented). Other things that can be + categorized as stubs (which seem to often end up miscategorized as full + articles in bibliographic databases): + - an abstract, which is only an abstract of a larger work + - commercial advertisements + - "trap" or "honey pot" works, which are fakes included in databases to + detect re-publishing without attribution + - "This page is intentionally blank" + - "About the author", "About the editors", "About the cover" + - "Acknowledgements" + - "Notices" + +Other types from Crossref (such as `component`, `reference-entry`) are valid, +but are not actively solicited for inclusion, as they are not the current focus +of the database. + +In the future, some types (like `journal`, `proceedings`, and `book-series`) +will probably be represented as `container` entities. How to represent other +container-like types (like `report-series` or `book-series`) is TBD. + +Controlled vocabulary for `release_status`: +- `published` for any version of the work that was "formally published", or any + variant that can be considered a "proof", "camera ready", "archival", + "version of record" or "definitive" that have no meaningful differences from + the "published" version. Note that "meaningful" here will need to be + explored. +- `corrected` for a version of a work that, after formal publication, has been + revised and updated. Could be the "version of record". +- `pre-print`, for versions of a work which have not been submitted for peer + review or formal publication +- `post-print`, often a post-peer-review version of a work that does not have + publisher-supplied copy-editing, typesetting, etc. +- `draft` in the context of book publication or online content (shouldn't be + applied to journal articles), is an unpublished, but somehow notable version + of a work. +- If blank, indicates status isn't known, and wasn't inferred at creation time. + Can often be interpreted as `published`. + +Controlled vocabulary for `role` field on `contribs`: +- `author` +- `translator` +- `illustrator` +- `editor` +- If blank, indicates that type of contribution is not known; this can often be + interpreted as authorship. + +Current "extra" fields, flags, and content: +- `crossref` (object), for extra crossref-specific metadata +- `is_retracted` (boolean flag) if this work has been retracted +- `translation_of` (release identifier) if this release is a translation of + another (usually under the same work) +- `arxiv_id` (string) external identifier to a (version-specific) [arxiv.org]() + work + +[arxiv.org]: https://arxiv.org + +abstracts: + type: array + items: + type: object + properties: + sha1: + type: string + example: "3f242a192acc258bdfdb151943419437f440c313" + content: + type: string + example: "<jats:p>Some abstract thing goes here</jats:p>" + mimetype: + type: string + example: "application/xml+jats" + lang: + type: string + example: "en" +## Works + diff --git a/guide/src/goals.md b/guide/src/goals.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..80d0f145 --- /dev/null +++ b/guide/src/goals.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +# Goals and Related Projects + +## Goals and Ecosystem Niche + +For the Internet Archive use case, fatcat has two primary use cases: + +- Track the "completeness" of our holdings against all known published works. + In particular, allow us to monitor and prioritize further collection work. +- Be a public-facing catalog and access mechanism for our open access holdings. + +In the larger ecosystem, fatcat could also provide: + +- A work-level (as opposed to title-level) archival dashboard: what fraction of + all published works are preserved in archives? KBART, CLOCKSS, Portico, and + other preservations don't provide granular metadata +- A collaborative, independent, non-commercial, fully-open, field-agnostic, + "completeness"-oriented catalog of scholarly metadata +- Unified (centralized) foundation for discovery and access across repositories + and archives: discovery projects can focus on user experience instead of + building their own catalog from scratch +- Research corpus for meta-science, with an emphasis on availability and + reproducibility (metadata corpus itself is open access, and file-level hashes + control for content drift) +- Foundational infrastructure for distributed digital preservation +- On-ramp for non-traditional digital works ("grey literature") into the + scholarly web + +## Scope + +The goal is to capture the "scholarly web": the graph of written works that +cite other works. Any work that is both cited more than once and cites more +than one other work in the catalog is very likely to be in scope. "Leaf nodes" +and small islands of intra-cited works may or may not be in scope. + +fatcat would not include any fulltext content itself, even for cleanly licensed +(open access) works, but would have "strong" (verified) links to fulltext +content, and would include file-level metadata (like hashes and fingerprints) +to help discovery and identify content from any source. File-level URLs with +context ("repository", "author-homepage", "web-archive") should make fatcat +more useful for both humans and machines to quickly access fulltext content of +a given mimetype than existing redirect or landing page systems. So another +factor in deciding scope is whether a work has "digital fixity" and can be +contained in a single immutable file. + +## References and Previous Work + +The closest overall analog of fatcat is [MusicBrainz][mb], a collaboratively +edited music database. [Open Library][ol] is a very similar existing service, +which exclusively contains book metadata. + +[Wikidata][wd] seems to be the most successful and actively edited/developed +open bibliographic database at this time (early 2018), including the +[wikicite][wikicite] conference and related Wikimedia/Wikipedia projects. +Wikidata is a general purpose semantic database of entities, facts, and +relationships; bibliographic metadata has become a large fraction of all +content in recent years. The focus there seems to be linking knowledge +(statements) to specific sources unambiguously. Potential advantages fatcat +would have would be a focus on a specific scope (not a general-purpose database +of entities) and a goal of completeness (capturing as many works and +relationships as rapidly as possible). However, it might be better to just +pitch in to the wikidata efforts. + +The technical design of fatcat is loosely inspired by the git +branch/tag/commit/tree architecture, and specifically inspired by Oliver +Charles' "New Edit System" [blog posts][nes-blog] from 2012. + +There are a whole bunch of proprietary, for-profit bibliographic databases, +including Web of Science, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Graph, aminer, +Scopus, and Dimensions. There are excellent field-limited databases like dblp, +MEDLINE, and Semantic Scholar. There are some large general-purpose databases +that are not directly user-editable, including the OpenCitation corpus, CORE, +BASE, and CrossRef. I don't know of any large (more than 60 million works), +open (bulk-downloadable with permissive or no license), field agnostic, +user-editable corpus of scholarly publication bibliographic metadata. + +[nes-blog]: https://ocharles.org.uk/blog/posts/2012-07-10-nes-does-it-better-1.html +[mb]: https://musicbrainz.org +[ol]: https://openlibrary.org +[wd]: https://wikidata.org +[wikicite]: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCite_2017 + +## Further Reading + +"From ISIS to CouchDB: Databases and Data Models for Bibliographic Records" by Luciano G. Ramalho. code4lib, 2013. <https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/4893> + +"Representing bibliographic data in JSON". github README file, 2017. <https://github.com/rdmpage/bibliographic-metadata-json> + +"Citation Style Language", <https://citationstyles.org/> + +"Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records", Wikipedia article, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records> + +OpenCitations and I40C <http://opencitations.net/>, <https://i4oc.org/> + diff --git a/guide/src/overview.md b/guide/src/overview.md index 8e6279ed..ef631b87 100644 --- a/guide/src/overview.md +++ b/guide/src/overview.md @@ -8,95 +8,3 @@ file-level metadata. fatcat is currently used internally at the Internet Archive, but interested folks are welcome to contribute to design and development. - -## Goals and Ecosystem Niche - -For the Internet Archive use case, fatcat has two primary use cases: - -- Track the "completeness" of our holdings against all known published works. - In particular, allow us to monitor and prioritize further collection work. -- Be a public-facing catalog and access mechanism for our open access holdings. - -In the larger ecosystem, fatcat could also provide: - -- A work-level (as opposed to title-level) archival dashboard: what fraction of - all published works are preserved in archives? KBART, CLOCKSS, Portico, and - other preservations don't provide granular metadata -- A collaborative, independent, non-commercial, fully-open, field-agnostic, - "completeness"-oriented catalog of scholarly metadata -- Unified (centralized) foundation for discovery and access across repositories - and archives: discovery projects can focus on user experience instead of - building their own catalog from scratch -- Research corpus for meta-science, with an emphasis on availability and - reproducibility (metadata corpus itself is open access, and file-level hashes - control for content drift) -- Foundational infrastructure for distributed digital preservation -- On-ramp for non-traditional digital works ("grey literature") into the - scholarly web - -## Scope - -The goal is to capture the "scholarly web": the graph of written works that -cite other works. Any work that is both cited more than once and cites more -than one other work in the catalog is very likely to be in scope. "Leaf nodes" -and small islands of intra-cited works may or may not be in scope. - -fatcat would not include any fulltext content itself, even for cleanly licensed -(open access) works, but would have "strong" (verified) links to fulltext -content, and would include file-level metadata (like hashes and fingerprints) -to help discovery and identify content from any source. File-level URLs with -context ("repository", "author-homepage", "web-archive") should make fatcat -more useful for both humans and machines to quickly access fulltext content of -a given mimetype than existing redirect or landing page systems. So another -factor in deciding scope is whether a work has "digital fixity" and can be -contained in a single immutable file. - -## References and Previous Work - -The closest overall analog of fatcat is [MusicBrainz][mb], a collaboratively -edited music database. [Open Library][ol] is a very similar existing service, -which exclusively contains book metadata. - -[Wikidata][wd] seems to be the most successful and actively edited/developed -open bibliographic database at this time (early 2018), including the -[wikicite][wikicite] conference and related Wikimedia/Wikipedia projects. -Wikidata is a general purpose semantic database of entities, facts, and -relationships; bibliographic metadata has become a large fraction of all -content in recent years. The focus there seems to be linking knowledge -(statements) to specific sources unambiguously. Potential advantages fatcat -would have would be a focus on a specific scope (not a general-purpose database -of entities) and a goal of completeness (capturing as many works and -relationships as rapidly as possible). However, it might be better to just -pitch in to the wikidata efforts. - -The technical design of fatcat is loosely inspired by the git -branch/tag/commit/tree architecture, and specifically inspired by Oliver -Charles' "New Edit System" [blog posts][nes-blog] from 2012. - -There are a whole bunch of proprietary, for-profit bibliographic databases, -including Web of Science, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Graph, aminer, -Scopus, and Dimensions. There are excellent field-limited databases like dblp, -MEDLINE, and Semantic Scholar. There are some large general-purpose databases -that are not directly user-editable, including the OpenCitation corpus, CORE, -BASE, and CrossRef. I don't know of any large (more than 60 million works), -open (bulk-downloadable with permissive or no license), field agnostic, -user-editable corpus of scholarly publication bibliographic metadata. - -[nes-blog]: https://ocharles.org.uk/blog/posts/2012-07-10-nes-does-it-better-1.html -[mb]: https://musicbrainz.org -[ol]: https://openlibrary.org -[wd]: https://wikidata.org -[wikicite]: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCite_2017 - -## Further Reading - -"From ISIS to CouchDB: Databases and Data Models for Bibliographic Records" by Luciano G. Ramalho. code4lib, 2013. <https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/4893> - -"Representing bibliographic data in JSON". github README file, 2017. <https://github.com/rdmpage/bibliographic-metadata-json> - -"Citation Style Language", <https://citationstyles.org/> - -"Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records", Wikipedia article, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records> - -OpenCitations and I40C <http://opencitations.net/>, <https://i4oc.org/> - diff --git a/guide/src/sources.md b/guide/src/sources.md index e70306d4..b8853d8a 100644 --- a/guide/src/sources.md +++ b/guide/src/sources.md @@ -1 +1,29 @@ # Sources + +The core metadata bootstrap sources, by entity type, are: + +- `releases`: Crossref metadata, with DOIs as the primary identifier, and + PubMed (central), Wikidata, and [CORE]() identifiers cross-referenced +- `containers`: munged metadata from the DOAJ, ROAD, and Norwegian journal + list, with ISSN-Ls as the primary identifier. ISSN provides an "ISSN to + ISSN-L" mapping to normalize electronic and print ISSN numbers. +- `creators`: ORCID metadata and identifier. + +Initial `file` metadata and matches (file-to-release) come from earlier +Internet Archive matching efforts, and in particular efforts to extra +bibliographic metadata from PDFs (using GROBID) and fuzzy match (with +conservative settings) to Crossref metadata. + +[CORE]: https://core.ac.uk + +The intent is to continuously ingest and merge metadata from a small number of +large (~2-3 million more more records) general-purpose aggregators and catalogs +in a centralized fashion, using bots, and then support volunteers and +organizations in writing bots to merge high-quality metadata from field or +institution-specific catalogs. + +Progeny information (where the metadata comes from, or who "makes specific +claims") is stored in edit metadata in the data model. Value-level attribution +cna be achived by looking at the full edit history for an entity as a series of +patches. + diff --git a/guide/src/style_guide.md b/guide/src/style_guide.md index 944e68ce..1457a544 100644 --- a/guide/src/style_guide.md +++ b/guide/src/style_guide.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ the release listed in the work itself This is not to be confused with *translations* of entire works, which should be treated as an entirely separate `release`. -## Work/Release Distinction +## Work/Release/File Distinctions ## External Identifiers @@ -51,6 +51,30 @@ to auto-create a release for every registered DOI. In particular, aren't currently auto-created, but could be stored in "extra" metadata, or on a case-by-case basis. +#### ISSN + +TODO + +#### ORCID + +TODO + +#### Wikidata QID + +TODO + +#### CORE Identifier + +TODO + +#### ISBN-13 + +TODO + +#### PubMed (PMID and PMCID) + +TODO + ## Human Names Representing names of human beings in databases is a fraught subject. For some |