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-<html>
-
-<head>
-<link HREF="mailto:drh@cs.princeton.edu" REV="made" TITLE="David R. Hanson">
-<title>Installing lcc</title>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<h1>Installing lcc</h1>
-
-<p ALIGN="LEFT"><strong><a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~cwfraser/">Christopher
-W. Fraser</a> and <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~drh/">David R. Hanson</a>, <a
-HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/">Microsoft Research</a></strong></p>
-
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-
-<dir>
- <li><a HREF="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
- <li><a HREF="#unix">Installation on UNIX</a></li>
- <li><a HREF="#driver">Building the Driver</a></li>
- <li><a HREF="#rcc">Building the Compiler and Accessories</a></li>
- <li><a HREF="#win32">Installation on Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 95/98</a></li>
- <li><a HREF="#bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
- <li><a HREF="#mailinglist">Keeping in Touch</a></li>
-</dir>
-
-<h2><a NAME="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
-
-<p><a HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/software/lcc/">lcc</a> is the ANSI C compiler
-described in our book <cite>A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation</cite>
-(Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-8053-1670-1).</p>
-
-<p>If you're installing lcc on a UNIX system, read the remainder of this section and
-continue with the next section. If you're installing lcc on a Windows NT 4.0 or Windows
-95/98 system, and you intend only to <u>use</u> lcc, you can run the <a
-href="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/packages/lcc/lcc41.exe">InstallShield executable</a>,
-which installs the binaries and the documentation. If you want to <u>modify</u> lcc or <u>rebuild</u>
-it from the source files, you need the <a
-href="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/packages/lcc/lcc41.zip">complete distribution</a>, and
-you should read the rest of the section, the following three sections, and the <a
-HREF="#win32">Windows NT/95/98</a> section.</p>
-
-<p>Extract the distribution into its own directory. All non-absolute paths below are
-relative to this directory. The distribution holds the following subdirectories.</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <table BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="80%">
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../src"><code>src</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>source code</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../etc"><code>etc</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>driver, accessories</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../lib"><code>lib</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>runtime library source code</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../cpp"><code>cpp</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>preprocessor source code</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../lburg"><code>lburg</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>code-generator generator source code</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../doc"><code>doc</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>this document, man pages</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code><a HREF="../include">include</a>/*/*</code></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>include files</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><a HREF="../tst"><code>tst</code></a></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>test suite</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code><a HREF="../alpha">alpha</a>/*/tst</code></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>ALPHA test outputs</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code><a HREF="../mips">mips</a>/*/tst</code></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>MIPS test outputs</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code><a HREF="../sparc">sparc</a>/*/tst</code></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>SPARC test outputs</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code><a HREF="../x86">x86</a>/*/tst</code></td>
- <td></td>
- <td>X86 test outputs</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p><code>doc/install.html</code> is the HTML file for this document. <a HREF="4.html"><code>doc/4.html</code></a>
-describes the internal differences between lcc 3.x and 4.1.</p>
-
-<p>The installation makefile is designed so that lcc can be installed from a read-only
-file system or directory, which is common in networked environments, so the distribution
-can be unloaded on a central file server. <strong>You will need an existing ANSI/ISO C
-compiler to build and install lcc.</strong></p>
-
-<h2><a NAME="unix">Installation on UNIX</a></h2>
-
-<p>The compilation components (the preprocessor, include files, and compiler proper, etc.)
-are installed in a single <em>build directory</em>. On multi-platform systems supported by
-a central file server, it's common to store the build directory in a location specific to
-the platform and to the version of lcc, and to point a symbolic link to this location. For
-example,</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% ln -s /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>points <code>/usr/local/lib/lcc</code> to a build directory for lcc version 4.1 on the
-SPARC under Solaris. Links into <code>/usr/local/lib</code> are created for the programs <code>lcc</code>
-and <code>bprint</code>. Thus, a new distribution can be installed by building it in its
-own build directory and changing one symbolic link to point to that directory. If these
-conventions or their equivalents are followed, the host-specific parts of the driver
-program, <code>lcc</code>, can be used unmodified.</p>
-
-<p>Installation on a UNIX system involves the following steps. Below, the build directory
-is referred to as <code>BUILDDIR</code>.
-
-<ol>
- <li>Create the build directory, using a version- and platform-specific naming convention as
- suggested above, and record the name of this directory in the <code>BUILDDIR</code>
- environment variable:<blockquote>
- <pre>% setenv BUILDDIR /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris
-% mkdir -p $BUILDDIR</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Here and below, commands assume the C shell. Also, you'll need a version of <code>mkdir</code>
- that supports the <code>-p</code> option, which creates intermediate directories as
- necessary.</p>
- </li>
- <li>Copy the man pages to the repository for local man pages, e.g.,<blockquote>
- <pre>% cp doc/*.1 /usr/local/man/man1</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Some users copy the man pages to the build directory and create the appropriate
- symbolic links, e.g., </p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre>% cp doc/*.1 $BUILDDIR
-% ln -s $BUILDDIR/*.1 /usr/local/man/man1</pre>
- </blockquote>
- </li>
- <li>Platform-specific include files are in directories named <code>include/</code><em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>.
- Create the include directory in the build directory, and copy the include hierarchy for
- your platform to this directory, e.g.,<blockquote>
- <pre>% mkdir $BUILDDIR/include
-% cp -p -R include/sparc/solaris/* $BUILDDIR/include</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Again, some users create a symbolic link to the appropriate directory in the
- distribution instead of copying the include files. For example, at Princeton, the
- distributions are stored under <code>/proj/pkg/lcc</code>, so the included files are
- "installed" by creating one symbolic link: </p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre>% ln -s /proj/pkg/lcc/4.1/include/sparc/solaris $BUILDDIR/include</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>If you're installing lcc on Linux, you <em>must</em> also plant a symbolic link named <code>gcc</code>
- to gcc's library directory, because lcc uses gcc's C preprocessor and most of gcc's header
- files:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre>% ln -s /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-linux/2.7.2.2 $BUILDDIR/gcc</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>The library directory shown above may be different on your Linux machine; to determine
- the correct directory, browse <code>/usr/lib/gcc-lib</code>, or execute</p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre>% cc -v tst/8q.c</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>and examine the diagnostic output. Make sure that <code>$BUILDDIR/gcc/cpp</code> and <code>$BUILDDIR/gcc/include</code>
- point to, respectively, gcc's C preprocessor and header files. On Linux, lcc looks for
- include files in <code>$BUILDDIR/include</code>, <code>$BUILDDIR/gcc/include</code>, and <code>/usr/include</code>,
- in that order; see <a HREF="#driver"><em>Building the Driver</em></a> and <a
- href="../etc/linux.c"><code>etc/linux.c</code></a> for details.</p>
- </li>
- <li>The <a HREF="../makefile"><code>makefile</code></a> includes the file named by the <code>CUSTOM</code>
- macro; the default is <code>custom.mk</code>, and an empty <code>custom.mk</code> is
- included in the distribution. If desired, prepare a site-specification customization file
- and define <code>CUSTOM</code> to the path of that file when invoking make in steps 5 and
- 6, e.g.,<blockquote>
- <pre>make CUSTOM=/users/drh/solaris.mk</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>You can, for example, use customization files to record site-specific values for macros
- instead of using environment variables, and to record targets for the steps in this list.</p>
- </li>
- <li>Build the host-specific driver, creating a custom host-specific part, if necessary. See <a
- HREF="#driver"><em>Building the Driver</em></a>.</li>
- <li>Build the preprocessor, compiler proper, library, and other accessories. See <a
- HREF="#rcc"><em>Building the Compiler</em></a>.</li>
- <li>Plant symbolic links to the build directory and to the installed programs, e.g.,<blockquote>
- <pre>% ln -s $BUILDDIR /usr/local/lib/lcc
-% ln -s /usr/local/lib/{lcc,bprint} /usr/local/bin</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Some users copy <code>bprint</code> and <code>lcc</code> into <code>/usr/local/bin</code>
- instead of creating symbolic links. The advantange of creating the links for <code>lcc</code>
- and <code>bprint</code> as shown is that, once established, they point indirectly to
- whatever <code>/usr/local/lib/lcc</code> points to; installing a new version of lcc, say,
- 4.2, can be done by changing <code>/usr/local/lib/lcc</code> to point to the 4.2 build
- directory.</p>
- </li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2><a NAME="driver">Building the Driver</a></h2>
-
-<p>The preprocessor, compiler, assembler, and loader are invoked by a driver program, <code>lcc</code>,
-which is similar to <code>cc</code> on most systems. It's described in the man page <code>doc/lcc.1</code>.
-The driver is built by combining the host-independent part, <a href="../etc/lcc.c"><code>etc/lcc.c</code></a>,
-with a small host-specific part. Distributed host-specific parts are named <code>etc/</code><em>os</em><code>.c</code>,
-where <em>os</em> is the name of the operating system for the host on which <code>lcc</code>
-is being installed. If you're following the installations conventions described above, you
-can probably use one of the host-specific parts unmodified; otherwise, pick one that is
-closely related to your platform, copy it to <em>whatever</em><code>.c</code>, and edit it
-as described below. You should not have to edit <code>etc/lcc.c</code>.</p>
-
-<p>We'll use <a HREF="../etc/solaris.c"><code>etc/solaris.c</code></a> as an example in
-describing how the host-specific part works. This example illustrates all the important
-features. Make sure you have the environment variable <code>BUILDDIR</code> set correctly,
-and build the driver with a <code>make</code> command, e.g.,</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% make HOSTFILE=etc/solaris.c lcc
-cc -g -c -DTEMPDIR=\"/tmp\" -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc.o etc/lcc.c
-cc -g -c -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/host.o etc/solaris.c
-cc -g -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc.o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/host.o</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>The symbolic name <code>HOSTFILE</code> specifies the path to the host-specific part,
-either one in the distribution or <em>whatever</em><code>.c</code>. Some versions of make
-may require the <code>-e</code> option in order to read the environment.</p>
-
-<p>Here's <code>etc/solaris.c</code>:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>/* Sparcs running Solaris 2.5.1 at CS Dept., Princeton University */
-
-#include <string.h>
-
-static char rcsid[] = "$ Id: solaris.c,v 1.10 1998/09/14 20:36:33 drh Exp $";
-
-#ifndef LCCDIR
-#define LCCDIR "/usr/local/lib/lcc/"
-#endif
-#ifndef SUNDIR
-#define SUNDIR "/opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/"
-#endif
-
-char *suffixes[] = { ".c", ".i", ".s", ".o", ".out", 0 };
-char inputs[256] = "";
-char *cpp[] = { LCCDIR "cpp",
- "-D__STDC__=1", "-Dsparc", "-D__sparc__", "-Dsun", "-D__sun__", "-Dunix",
- "$1", "$2", "$3", 0 };
-char *include[] = { "-I" LCCDIR "include", "-I/usr/local/include",
- "-I/usr/include", 0 };
-char *com[] = { LCCDIR "rcc", "-target=sparc/solaris",
- "$1", "$2", "$3", 0 };
-char *as[] = { "/usr/ccs/bin/as", "-Qy", "-s", "-o", "$3", "$1", "$2", 0 };
-char *ld[] = { "/usr/ccs/bin/ld", "-o", "$3", "$1",
- SUNDIR "crti.o", SUNDIR "crt1.o",
- SUNDIR "values-xa.o", "$2", "",
- "-Y", "P," SUNDIR ":/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib", "-Qy",
- "-L" LCCDIR, "-llcc", "-lm", "-lc", SUNDIR "crtn.o", 0 };
-
-extern char *concat(char *, char *);
-
-int option(char *arg) {
- if (strncmp(arg, "-lccdir=", 8) == 0) {
- cpp[0] = concat(&arg[8], "/cpp");
- include[0] = concat("-I", concat(&arg[8], "/include"));
- ld[12] = concat("-L", &arg[8]);
- com[0] = concat(&arg[8], "/rcc");
- } else if (strcmp(arg, "-p") == 0) {
- ld[5] = SUNDIR "mcrt1.o";
- ld[10] = "P," SUNDIR "libp:/usr/ccs/lib/libp:/usr/lib/libp:"
- SUNDIR ":/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib";
- } else if (strcmp(arg, "-b") == 0)
- ;
- else if (strncmp(arg, "-ld=", 4) == 0)
- ld[0] = &arg[4];
- else
- return 0;
- return 1;
-}</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p><code>LCCDIR</code> defaults to <code>"/usr/local/lib/lcc/"</code> unless
-it's defined by a <code>-D</code> option as part of <code>CFLAGS</code> in the make
-command, e.g.,</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% make HOSTFILE=etc/solaris.c CFLAGS='-DLCCDIR=\"/v/lib/lcc/\"' lcc</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>Note the trailing slash; <code>SUNDIR</code> is provided so you can use <code>etc/solaris.c</code>
-even if you have a different version of the Sun Pro compiler suite. If you're using the
-gcc compiler tools instead of the Sun Pro tools, see <a HREF="../etc/gcc-solaris.c"><code>etc/gcc-solaris.c</code></a>.</p>
-
-<p>Most of the host-specific code is platform-specific data and templates for the commands
-that invoke the preprocessor, compiler, assembler, and loader. The <code>suffixes</code>
-array lists the file name suffixes for C source files, preprocessed source files, assembly
-language source files, object files, and executable files. <code>suffixes</code> must be
-terminated with a null pointer, as shown above. The initialization of <code>suffixes</code>
-in <code><a HREF="../etc/solaris.c">etc/solaris.c</a></code> are the typical ones for UNIX
-systems. Each element of <code>suffixes</code> is actually a list of suffixes, separated
-by semicolons; <code><a HREF="../etc/win32.c">etc/win32.c</a></code> holds an example:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>char *suffixes[] = { ".c;.C", ".i;.I", ".asm;.ASM;.s;.S", ".obj;.OBJ", ".exe", 0 };</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>When a list is given, the first suffix is used whenever lcc needs to generate a file
-name. For example, with <code><a HREF="../etc/win32.c">etc/win32.c</a></code>, lcc emits
-the generated assembly code into <code>.asm</code> files.</p>
-
-<p>The <code>inputs</code> array holds a null-terminated string of directories separated
-by colons or semicolons. These are used as the default value of <code>LCCINPUTS</code>, if
-the environment variable <code>LCCINPUTS</code> is not set; see the <a HREF="lcc.pdf">man
-page</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Each command template is an array of pointers to strings terminated with a null
-pointer; the strings are full path names of commands, arguments, or argument placeholders,
-which are described below. Commands are executed in a child process, and templates can
-contain multiple commands by separating commands with newlines. The driver runs each
-command in a new process.</p>
-
-<p>The <code>cpp</code> array gives the command for running lcc's preprocessor, <code>cpp</code>.
-Literal arguments specified in templates, e.g., <code>"-Dsparc"</code> in the <code>cpp</code>
-command above, are passed to the command as given.</p>
-
-<p>The strings <code>"$1"</code>, <code>"$2"</code>, and <code>"$3"</code>
-in templates are placeholders for <em>lists</em> of arguments that are substituted in a
-copy of the template before the command is executed. <code>$1</code> is replaced by the <em>options</em>
-specified by the user; for the preprocessor, this list always contains at least <code>-D__LCC__</code>.
-<code>$2</code> is replaced by the <em>input</em> files, and <code>$3</code> is replaced
-by the <em>output</em> file.</p>
-
-<p>Zero-length arguments after replacement are removed from the argument list before the
-command is invoked. So, for example, if the preprocessor is invoked without an output
-file, <code>"$3"</code> becomes <code>""</code>, which is removed from
-the final argument list.</p>
-
-<p>The <code>include</code> array is a list of <code>-I</code> options that specify which
-directives should be searched to satisfy include directives. These directories are
-searched in the order given. The first directory should be the one to which the ANSI
-header files were copied as described in <a HREF="#unix">UNIX</a> or <a HREF="#win32">Windows</a>
-installation instructions. The driver adds these options to <code>cpp</code>'s arguments
-when it invokes the preprocessor, except when <code>-N</code> is specified.</p>
-
-<p><code>com</code> gives the command for invoking the compiler. This template can appear
-as shown above in a custom host-specific part, but the option <code>-target=sparc/solaris</code>
-should be edited to the <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em> for your platform. If <code>com[1]</code>
-includes the string "<code>win32</code>", the driver assumes it's running on
-Windows. lcc can generate code for <em>all</em> of the <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>
-combinations listed in the file <code>src/bind.c</code>. The <code>-target</code> option
-specifies the default combination. The driver's <code>-Wf</code> option can be used to
-specify other combinations; the <a HREF="lcc.pdf">man page</a> elaborates.</p>
-
-<p><code>as</code> gives the command for invoking the assembler. On Linux, you must be
-running at least version 2.8.1 of the GNU assembler; earlier versions mis-assemble some
-instructions emitted by lcc.</p>
-
-<p><code>ld</code> gives the command for invoking the loader. For the other commands, the
-list <code>$2</code> contains a single file; for <code>ld</code>, <code>$2</code> contains
-all ".o" files and libraries, and <code>$3</code> is <code>a.out</code>, unless
-the <code>-o</code> option is specified. As suggested in the code above, <code>ld</code>
-must also specify the appropriate startup code and default libraries, including the lcc
-library, <code>liblcc.a</code>.</p>
-
-<p>The <code>option</code> function is described below; the minimal <code>option</code>
-function just returns 0.</p>
-
-<p>You can test <code>lcc</code> with the options <code>-v -v</code> to display the
-commands that would be executed, e.g.,</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% $BUILDDIR/lcc -v -v foo.c baz.c mylib.a -lX11
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/lcc $ Id: solaris.c,v 1.10 1998/09/14 20:36:33 drh Exp $
-foo.c:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc/cpp -D__STDC__=1 -Dsparc -D__sparc__ -Dsun -D__sun__ -Dunix -D__LCC__ -I/usr/local/lib/lcc/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include foo.c /tmp/lcc266290.i
-/usr/local/lib/lcc/rcc -target=sparc/solaris -v /tmp/lcc266290.i /tmp/lcc266291.
-s
-/usr/ccs/bin/as -Qy -s -o /tmp/lcc266292.o /tmp/lcc266291.s
-baz.c:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc/cpp -D__STDC__=1 -Dsparc -D__sparc__ -Dsun -D__sun__ -Dunix -D__LCC__ -I/usr/local/lib/lcc/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include baz.c /tmp/lcc266290.i
-/usr/local/lib/lcc/rcc -target=sparc/solaris -v /tmp/lcc266290.i /tmp/lcc266291.s
-/usr/ccs/bin/as -Qy -s -o /tmp/lcc266293.o /tmp/lcc266291.s
-/usr/ccs/bin/ld -o a.out /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/crti.o /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/crt1.o /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/values-xa.o /tmp/lcc266292.o /tmp/lcc266293.o mylib.a -lX11 -Y P,/opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/:/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib -Qy -L/usr/local/lib/lcc/ -llcc -lm -lc /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/crtn.o
-rm /tmp/lcc266293.o /tmp/lcc266290.i /tmp/lcc266291.s /tmp/lcc266292.o</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>As the output shows, <code>lcc</code> places temporary files in <code>/tmp</code>; if
-any of the environment variables <code>TMP</code>, <code>TEMP</code>, and <code>TMPDIR</code>
-are set, they override this default (in the order shown) as does the <code>-tempdir=</code><em>dir</em>
-option. The default can be changed by defining <code>TEMPDIR</code> in <code>CFLAGS</code>
-when building the driver.</p>
-
-<p>The <code>option</code> function is called for the options <code>-Wo</code>, <code>-g</code>,
-<code>-p</code>, <code>-pg</code>, and <code>-b</code> because these compiler options
-might also affect the loader's arguments. For these options, the driver calls <code>option(arg)</code>
-to give the host-specific code an opportunity to edit the <code>ld</code> command, if
-necessary. <code>option</code> can change <code>ld</code>, if necessary, and return 1 to
-announce its acceptance of the option. If the option is unsupported, <code>option</code>
-should return 0.</p>
-
-<p>For example, in response to <code>-g</code>, the <code>option</code> function shown
-above accepts the option but does nothing else, because the <code>ld</code> and <code>as</code>
-commands don't need to be modified on the SPARC. <code>-g</code> will also be added to the
-compiler's options by the host-independent part of the driver. The <code>-p</code> causes <code>option</code>
-to change the name of the startup code and changed the list of libraries. The <code>-b</code>
-option turns on <code>lcc</code>'s per-expression profiling, the code for which is in <code>liblcc.a</code>,
-so <code>option</code> need no nothing.</p>
-
-<p>On SPARCs, the driver also recognizes <code>-Bstatic</code> and <code>-Bdynamic</code>
-as linker options. The driver recognizes but ignores "<code>-target</code> <em>name</em>"
-option.</p>
-
-<p>The option <code>-Wo</code><em>arg</em> causes the driver to pass <em>arg</em> to <code>option</code>.
-Such options have no other effect; this mechanism is provided to support system-specific
-options that affect the commands executed by the driver. As illustrated above,
-host-specific parts should support the <code>-Wo-lccdir=</code><em>dir</em> option, which
-causes lcc's compilation components to be found in <em>dir</em>, because this option is
-used by the test scripts, and because the driver simulates a <code>-Wo-lccdir</code>
-option with the value of the environment variable <code>LCCDIR</code>, if it's defined.
-The code above rebuilds the paths to the include files, preprocessor, compiler, and
-library by calling <code>concat</code>, which is defined in <code>etc/lcc.c</code>.</p>
-
-<h2><a NAME="rcc">Building the Compiler and Accessories</a></h2>
-
-<p>To build the rest of compilation components make sure <code>BUILDDIR</code> is set
-appropriately and type "<code>make all</code>". This command builds <code>librcc.a</code>
-(the compiler's private library), <code>rcc</code> (the compiler proper), <code>lburg</code>
-(the code-generator generator), <code>cpp</code> (the preprocessor), <code>liblcc.a</code>
-(the runtime library), and <code>bprint</code> (the profile printer), all in <code>BUILDDIR</code>.
-There may be warnings, but there should be no errors. If you're using an ANSI/ISO compiler
-other than <code>cc</code>, specify its name with the <code>CC=</code> option, e.g.,
-"<code>make CC=gcc all</code>". If you're running on a DEC ALPHA, use "<code>make
-CC='cc -std1' all</code>"; the <code>-std1</code> option is essential on the ALPHA.
-If you're on a DEC 5000 running Ultrix 4.3, use "<code>make CC=c89 all</code>".</p>
-
-<p>Once <code>rcc</code> is built with the host C compiler, run the test suite to verify
-that <code>rcc</code> is working correctly. If any of the steps below fail, contact us
-(see <a HREF="#bugs"><em>Reporting Bugs</em></a>). The commands in the makefile run the
-shell script <code>src/run.sh</code> on each C program in the test suite, <code>tst/*.c</code>.
-It uses the driver, <code>$BUILDDIR/lcc</code>, so you must have the driver in the build
-directory before testing <code>rcc</code>. The <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>
-combination is read from the variable <code>TARGET</code>, which must be specified when
-invoking <code>make</code>:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% make TARGET=sparc/solaris test
-mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/8q.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/array.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/cf.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/cq.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/cvt.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/fields.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/front.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/incr.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/init.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/limits.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/paranoia.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/sort.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/spill.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/stdarg.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/struct.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/switch.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/wf1.s:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/yacc.s:</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>Each line in the output above is of the form</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <p><code>$BUILDDIR/rcc -target=</code><em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em><code>$BUILDDIR/</code><em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em><code>/</code><em>X</em><code>.s:</code></p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>where <em>X</em> is the base name of the C program <em>X</em><code>.c</code> in the
-test suite. This output identifies the compiler and the target, e.g., "<code>$BUILDDIR/rcc</code>
-is generating code for a <code>sparc</code> running the <code>solaris</code> operating
-system."</p>
-
-<p>For each program in the test suite, <code>src/run.sh</code> compiles the program, drops
-the generated assembly language code in <code>BUILDDIR</code>/<em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>,
-and uses <code>diff</code> to compare the generated assembly code with the expected code
-(the code expected for <code>tst/8q.c</code> on the SPARC under Solaris is in <code>sparc/solaris/tst/8q.sbk</code>,
-etc.). If there are differences, the script executes the generated code with the input
-given in <code>tst</code> (the input for <code>tst/8q.c</code> is in <code>tst/8q.0</code>,
-etc.) and compares the output with the expected output (the expected output from <code>tst/8q.c</code>
-on the SPARC under Solaris is in <code>sparc/solaris/tst/8q.1bk</code>, etc.). The script
-also compares the diagnostics from the compiler with the expected diagnostics.</p>
-
-<p>On some systems, there may be a few differences between the generated code and the
-expected code. These differences occur because the expected code is generated by cross
-compilation and the least significant bits of some floating-point constants differ from
-those bits in constants generated on your system. On Linux, there may be differences
-because of differences in the header files between our system and yours. There should be
-no differences in the output from executing the test programs.</p>
-
-<p>Next, run the "triple test", which builds <code>rcc</code> using itself:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% make triple
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc -d0.6 -Wo-lccdir=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris -B/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/ -Isrc src/*.c
-src/alloc.c:
-...
-src/x86.c:
-/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc -d0.6 -Wo-lccdir=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris -B/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/ -Isrc src/*.c
-src/alloc.c:
-...
-src/x86.c:
-strip /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/[12]rcc
-dd if=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc of=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc1 bs=512 skip=1
-769+1 records in
-769+1 records out
-dd if=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/2rcc of=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc2 bs=512 skip=1
-769+1 records in
-769+1 records out
-if cmp /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc[12]; then \
- mv /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/2rcc /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc; \
- rm -f /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc[12]; fi</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>This command builds <code>rcc</code> twice; once using the <code>rcc</code> built by <code>cc</code>
-and again using the <code>rcc</code> built by <code>lcc</code>. The resulting binaries are
-compared. They should be identical, as shown at the end of the output above. If they
-aren't, our compiler is generating incorrect code; <a HREF="#bugs">contact</a> us.</p>
-
-<p>The final version of <code>rcc</code> should also pass the test suite; that is, the
-output from</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% make TARGET=sparc/solaris test</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>should be identical to that from the previous <code>make test</code>.</p>
-
-<p>The command "<code>make clean</code>" cleans up, but does not remove <code>rcc</code>,
-etc., and "<code>make clobber</code>" cleans up and removes <code>lcc</code>, <code>rcc</code>,
-and the other accessories. Test directories under <code>BUILDDIR</code> are <em>not</em>
-removed; you'll need to remove these by hand, e.g.,</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% rm -fr $BUILDDIR/sparc</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>The code generators for the other targets can be tested by specifying the desired <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>
-and setting an environment variable that controls what <code>src/run.sh</code> does. For
-example, to test the MIPS code generator, type</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% setenv REMOTEHOST noexecute
-% make TARGET=mips/irix test</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>As above, <code>src/run.sh</code> compares the MIPS code generated with what's
-expected. There should be no differences. Setting <code>REMOTEHOST</code> to <code>noexecute</code>
-suppresses the assembly and execution of the generated code. If you set <code>REMOTEHOST</code>
-to the name of a MIPS machine to which you can <code>rlogin</code>, <code>src/run.sh</code>
-will <code>rcp</code> the generated code to that machine and execute it there, if
-necessary. See <code>src/run.sh</code> for the details.</p>
-
-<p>You can use lcc as a cross compiler. The options <code>-S</code> and <code>-Wf-target=</code><em>target/os</em>
-generate assembly code for the specified target, which is any of those listed in the file <code>src/bind.c</code>.
-For example, </p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% lcc -Wf-target=mips/irix -S tst/8q.c</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>generates MIPS code for <code>tst/8q.c</code> in <code>8q.s</code>.</p>
-
-<p>lcc can also generate code for a "symbolic" target. This target is used
-routinely in front-end development, and its output is a printable representation of the
-input program, e.g., the dags constructed by the front end are printed, and other
-interface functions print their arguments. You can specify this target with the option <code>-Wf-target=symbolic</code>.
-For example,</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>% lcc -Wf-target=symbolic -S tst/8q.c</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>generates symbolic output for <code>tst/8q.c</code> in <code>8q.s</code>. Adding <code>-Wf-html</code>
-causes the symbolic target to emit HTML instead of plain text. Finally, the option <code>-Wf-target=null</code>
-specifies the "null" target for which lcc emits nothing and thus only checks the
-syntax and semantics of its input files.</p>
-
-<h2><a NAME="win32">Installation on Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 95/98</a></h2>
-
-<p>On Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 95/98, lcc is designed to work with Microsoft's Visual
-C++ 5.0 (VC) and Microsoft's Assembler, MASM 6.11d. It uses the VC header files,
-libraries, and command-line tools, and it uses MASM to assemble the code it generates. If
-you have MASM 6.11, make sure you <a
-HREF="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q138/9/83.asp">upgrade to 6.11d</a>,
-because earlier 6.11 releases do not generate correct COFF object files.</p>
-
-<p>Building the distribution components from the ground up requires Microsoft's Visual
-C/C++ 5.0 compiler, Microsoft's make, <code>nmake</code>, and the standard Windows command
-interpreter. <a HREF="../makefile.nt"><code>makefile.nt</code></a> is written to use only <code>nmake</code>.
-As on UNIX systems, the compilation components are installed in a single <em>build
-directory</em>, and the top-level programs, <code>lcc.exe</code> and <code>bprint.exe</code>,
-are installed in a directory on the PATH. If the conventions used below are followed, the
-Windows-specific parts of the driver program, <code>lcc.exe</code>, can be used
-unmodified.</p>
-
-<p>Building from the source distribution on a Windows system involves the following steps.
-Below, the build directory is referred to as <code>BUILDDIR</code>, and the distribution
-is in <code>\dist\lcc\4.1</code>.
-
-<ol>
- <li>Create the build directory, perhaps using a version- and platform-specific naming
- convention as suggested in <a HREF="#unix"><em>Installation on UNIX</em></a>, and record
- the name of this directory in the <code>BUILDDIR</code> environment variable:<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>set BUILDDIR=\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin
-C:\dist\lcc\4.1>mkdir %BUILDDIR%</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>The default build, or installation, directory is <code>\Program Files\lcc\4.1\bin</code>,
- but the <code>nmake</code> commands require that you use the corresponding 8.3 file name, <code>progra~1</code>,
- instead of <code>Program Files</code>.</p>
- </li>
- <li><a HREF="../etc/win32.c"><code>etc\win32.c</code></a> is the Windows-specific part of
- the driver. It assumes that environment variable <code>include</code> gives the locations
- of the VC header files and that the linker (<code>link.exe</code>) and the assembler (<code>ml.exe</code>)
- are on the PATH. It also assumes that the macro <code>LCCDIR</code> gives the build
- directory. If necessary, revise a copy of <a HREF="../etc/win32.c"><code>etc\win32.c</code></a>
- to reflect the conventions on your computer (see <a HREF="#driver"><em>Building the Driver</em></a>),
- then build the driver, specifying the default temporary directory, if necessary:<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt TEMPDIR=\\temp HOSTFILE=etc/win32.c lcc
-...
- cl -nologo -Zi -MLd -Fd\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\ -c -DTEMPDIR=\"\\temp\" -Fo\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\lcc.obj etc/lcc.c
-lcc.c
- cl -nologo -Zi -MLd -Fd\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\ -c -Fo\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\host.obj etc/win32.c
-win32.c
- cl -nologo -Zi -MLd -Fd\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\ -Fe\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\lcc.exe \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\lcc.obj \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\host.obj</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>If you make a copy of <code>etc\win32.c</code>, specify the path of the copy as the
- value of <code>HOSTFILE</code>. For example, if you copy <code>etc\win32.c</code> to <code>BUILDDIR</code>
- and edit it, use the command</p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt TEMPDIR=\\temp HOSTFILE=%BUILDDIR%\win32.c lcc</pre>
- </blockquote>
- </li>
- <li>Build the preprocessor, compiler proper, library, and other accessories (see <a
- HREF="#rcc"><em>Building the Compiler</em></a>):<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt all</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>This command uses the VC command-line tools <code>cl</code> and <code>lib</code> to
- build <code>bprint.exe</code>, <code>cpp.exe</code>, <code>lburg.exe</code>, <code>liblcc.lib</code>,
- <code>librcc.lib</code>, and <code>rcc.exe</code>, all in <code>BUILDDIR</code>. There may
- be some warnings, but there should be no warnings.</p>
- </li>
- <li>Create a test directory and run the test suite:<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>mkdir %BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst
-C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt test</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>This command compiles each program in <a HREF="../tst">tst</a>, compares the generated
- assembly code and diagnostics with the expected assembly code and diagnostics, executes
- the program, and compares the output with the expected output (using <code>fc</code>). For
- example, when the nmake command compiles <a HREF="../tst/8q.c"><code>tst\8q.c</code></a>,
- it leaves the generated assembly code and diagnostic output in <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.s</code>
- and <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.2</code>, and it compares them with the expected
- results in <code>x86\win32\tst\8q.sbk</code>. It builds the executable program in <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.exe</code>,
- runs it, and redirects the output to <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.1</code>, which it
- compares with <code>x86\win32\tst\8q.1bk</code>. The output from this step is voluminous,
- but there should be no differences and no errors.</p>
- </li>
- <li>Run the "triple" test, which compiles <code>rcc</code> with itself and
- verifies the results:<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt triple
-...
-\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\x86.c:
- Assembling: C:/TEMP/lcc2001.asm
- fc /b \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\1rcc.exe \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\2rcc.exe
-Comparing files \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\1rcc.exe and \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\2RCC.EXE
-00000088: B4 D5</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>This command builds <code>rcc</code> twice; once using the <code>rcc</code> built by VC
- and again using the <code>rcc</code> built by <code>lcc</code>. The resulting binaries are
- compared using <code>fc</code>. They should be identical, except for one or two bytes of
- timestamp data, as shown at the end of the output above. If they aren't, our compiler is
- generating incorrect code; <a HREF="#bugs">contact</a> us.</p>
- </li>
- <li>Copy <code>lcc.exe</code> and <code>bprint.exe</code> to a directory on your PATH, e.g.,<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>copy %BUILDDIR%\lcc.exe \bin
- 1 file(s) copied.
-
-C:\dist\lcc\4.1>copy %BUILDDIR%\bprint.exe \bin
- 1 file(s) copied.</pre>
- </blockquote>
- </li>
- <li>Finally, clean up:<blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt clean</pre>
- </blockquote>
- <p>This command removes the derived files in <code>BUILDDIR</code>, but does not remove <code>rcc.exe</code>,
- etc.; "<code>nmake -f makefile.nt clobber</code>" cleans up and removes all
- executables and libraries. Test directories under <code>BUILDDIR</code> are <em>not</em>
- removed; you'll need to remove these by hand, e.g.,</p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>rmdir %BUILDDIR%\x86 /s
-\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\x86, Are you sure (Y/N)? y</pre>
- </blockquote>
- </li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2><a NAME="bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></h2>
-
-<p>lcc is a large, complex program. We find and repair errors routinely. If you think that
-you've found a error, follow the steps below, which are adapted from the instructions in
-Chapter 1 of <cite>A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation</cite>.
-
-<ol>
- <li>If you don't have a source file that displays the error, create one. Most errors are
- exposed when programmers try to compile a program they think is valid, so you probably
- have a demonstration program already.</li>
- <li>Preprocess the source file and capture the preprocessor output. Discard the original
- code.</li>
- <li>Prune your source code until it can be pruned no more without sending the error into
- hiding. We prune most error demonstrations to fewer than five lines.</li>
- <li>Confirm that the source file displays the error with the <em>distributed</em> version of
- lcc. If you've changed lcc and the error appears only in your version, then you'll have to
- chase the error yourself, even if it turns out to be our fault, because we can't work on
- your code.</li>
- <li>Annotate your code with comments that explain why you think that lcc is wrong. If lcc
- dies with an assertion failure, please tell us where it died. If lcc crashes, please
- report the last part of the call chain if you can. If lcc is rejecting a program you think
- is valid, please tell us why you think it's valid, and include supporting page numbers in
- the ANSI Standard, Appendix A in <cite>The C Programming Language</cite>, or the
- appropriate section in <cite>C: A Reference Manual</cite>, 4th edition by S. B. Harbison
- and G. L. Steele, Jr. (Prentice Hall, 1995). If lcc silently generates incorrect code for
- some construct, please include the corrupt assembly code in the comments and flag the
- incorrect instructions if you can.</li>
- <li>Confirm that your error hasn't been fixed already. The latest version of lcc is always
- available for anonymous <code>ftp</code> from <code>ftp.cs.princeton.edu</code> in <a
- HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/lcc"><code>pub/lcc</code></a>. A <a
- HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/lcc/README"><code>README</code></a> file there gives
- acquistion details, and the <a HREF="../LOG"><code>LOG</code></a> file reports what errors
- were fixed and when they were fixed. If you report a error that's been fixed, you might
- get a canned reply.</li>
- <li>Send your program by electronic mail to <code>lcc-bugs@cs.princeton.edu</code>. Please
- send only valid C programs; put all remarks in C comments so that we can process reports
- semiautomatically.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2><a NAME="mailinglist">Keeping in Touch</a></h2>
-
-<p>There is an lcc mailing list for general information about lcc. To be added to the
-list, send a message with the 1-line body</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>subscribe lcc</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>to <code>majordomo@cs.princeton.edu</code>. This line must appear in the message body;
-"Subject:" lines are ignored. To learn more about mailing lists served by <code>majordomo</code>,
-send a message with the 1-word body "<code>help</code>" to <code>majordomo@cs.princeton.edu</code>.
-Mail sent to <code>lcc@cs.princeton.edu</code> is forwarded to everyone on the mailing
-list.</p>
-
-<p>There is also an <code>lcc-bugs</code> mailing list for reporting bugs; subscribe to it
-by sending a message with the 1-line body </p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <pre>subscribe lcc-bugs</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>to <code>majordomo@cs.princeton.edu</code>. Mail addressed to <var>lcc-bugs@cs.princeton.edu</var>
-is forwarded to everyone on this list.</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<address>
- <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~cwfraser/">Chris Fraser</a> / <a
- HREF="mailto:cwfraser@microsoft.com">cwfraser@microsoft.com</a><br>
- <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~drh/">David Hanson</a> / <a
- HREF="mailto:drh@microsoft.com">drh@microsoft.com</a><br>
- $Revision: 145 $ $Date: 2001-10-17 16:53:10 -0500 (Wed, 17 Oct 2001) $
-</address>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> +<html> + +<head> +<link HREF="mailto:drh@cs.princeton.edu" REV="made" TITLE="David R. Hanson"> +<title>Installing lcc</title> +</head> + +<body> + +<h1>Installing lcc</h1> + +<p ALIGN="LEFT"><strong><a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~cwfraser/">Christopher +W. Fraser</a> and <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~drh/">David R. Hanson</a>, <a +HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/">Microsoft Research</a></strong></p> + +<h2>Contents</h2> + +<dir> + <li><a HREF="#intro">Introduction</a></li> + <li><a HREF="#unix">Installation on UNIX</a></li> + <li><a HREF="#driver">Building the Driver</a></li> + <li><a HREF="#rcc">Building the Compiler and Accessories</a></li> + <li><a HREF="#win32">Installation on Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 95/98</a></li> + <li><a HREF="#bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li> + <li><a HREF="#mailinglist">Keeping in Touch</a></li> +</dir> + +<h2><a NAME="intro">Introduction</a></h2> + +<p><a HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/software/lcc/">lcc</a> is the ANSI C compiler +described in our book <cite>A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation</cite> +(Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-8053-1670-1).</p> + +<p>If you're installing lcc on a UNIX system, read the remainder of this section and +continue with the next section. If you're installing lcc on a Windows NT 4.0 or Windows +95/98 system, and you intend only to <u>use</u> lcc, you can run the <a +href="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/packages/lcc/lcc41.exe">InstallShield executable</a>, +which installs the binaries and the documentation. If you want to <u>modify</u> lcc or <u>rebuild</u> +it from the source files, you need the <a +href="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/packages/lcc/lcc41.zip">complete distribution</a>, and +you should read the rest of the section, the following three sections, and the <a +HREF="#win32">Windows NT/95/98</a> section.</p> + +<p>Extract the distribution into its own directory. All non-absolute paths below are +relative to this directory. The distribution holds the following subdirectories.</p> + +<blockquote> + <table BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="80%"> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../src"><code>src</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>source code</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../etc"><code>etc</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>driver, accessories</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../lib"><code>lib</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>runtime library source code</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../cpp"><code>cpp</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>preprocessor source code</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../lburg"><code>lburg</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>code-generator generator source code</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../doc"><code>doc</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>this document, man pages</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><code><a HREF="../include">include</a>/*/*</code></td> + <td></td> + <td>include files</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a HREF="../tst"><code>tst</code></a></td> + <td></td> + <td>test suite</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><code><a HREF="../alpha">alpha</a>/*/tst</code></td> + <td></td> + <td>ALPHA test outputs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><code><a HREF="../mips">mips</a>/*/tst</code></td> + <td></td> + <td>MIPS test outputs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><code><a HREF="../sparc">sparc</a>/*/tst</code></td> + <td></td> + <td>SPARC test outputs</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><code><a HREF="../x86">x86</a>/*/tst</code></td> + <td></td> + <td>X86 test outputs</td> + </tr> + </table> +</blockquote> + +<p><code>doc/install.html</code> is the HTML file for this document. <a HREF="4.html"><code>doc/4.html</code></a> +describes the internal differences between lcc 3.x and 4.1.</p> + +<p>The installation makefile is designed so that lcc can be installed from a read-only +file system or directory, which is common in networked environments, so the distribution +can be unloaded on a central file server. <strong>You will need an existing ANSI/ISO C +compiler to build and install lcc.</strong></p> + +<h2><a NAME="unix">Installation on UNIX</a></h2> + +<p>The compilation components (the preprocessor, include files, and compiler proper, etc.) +are installed in a single <em>build directory</em>. On multi-platform systems supported by +a central file server, it's common to store the build directory in a location specific to +the platform and to the version of lcc, and to point a symbolic link to this location. For +example,</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% ln -s /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>points <code>/usr/local/lib/lcc</code> to a build directory for lcc version 4.1 on the +SPARC under Solaris. Links into <code>/usr/local/lib</code> are created for the programs <code>lcc</code> +and <code>bprint</code>. Thus, a new distribution can be installed by building it in its +own build directory and changing one symbolic link to point to that directory. If these +conventions or their equivalents are followed, the host-specific parts of the driver +program, <code>lcc</code>, can be used unmodified.</p> + +<p>Installation on a UNIX system involves the following steps. Below, the build directory +is referred to as <code>BUILDDIR</code>. + +<ol> + <li>Create the build directory, using a version- and platform-specific naming convention as + suggested above, and record the name of this directory in the <code>BUILDDIR</code> + environment variable:<blockquote> + <pre>% setenv BUILDDIR /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris +% mkdir -p $BUILDDIR</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>Here and below, commands assume the C shell. Also, you'll need a version of <code>mkdir</code> + that supports the <code>-p</code> option, which creates intermediate directories as + necessary.</p> + </li> + <li>Copy the man pages to the repository for local man pages, e.g.,<blockquote> + <pre>% cp doc/*.1 /usr/local/man/man1</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>Some users copy the man pages to the build directory and create the appropriate + symbolic links, e.g., </p> + <blockquote> + <pre>% cp doc/*.1 $BUILDDIR +% ln -s $BUILDDIR/*.1 /usr/local/man/man1</pre> + </blockquote> + </li> + <li>Platform-specific include files are in directories named <code>include/</code><em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>. + Create the include directory in the build directory, and copy the include hierarchy for + your platform to this directory, e.g.,<blockquote> + <pre>% mkdir $BUILDDIR/include +% cp -p -R include/sparc/solaris/* $BUILDDIR/include</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>Again, some users create a symbolic link to the appropriate directory in the + distribution instead of copying the include files. For example, at Princeton, the + distributions are stored under <code>/proj/pkg/lcc</code>, so the included files are + "installed" by creating one symbolic link: </p> + <blockquote> + <pre>% ln -s /proj/pkg/lcc/4.1/include/sparc/solaris $BUILDDIR/include</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>If you're installing lcc on Linux, you <em>must</em> also plant a symbolic link named <code>gcc</code> + to gcc's library directory, because lcc uses gcc's C preprocessor and most of gcc's header + files:</p> + <blockquote> + <pre>% ln -s /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-linux/2.7.2.2 $BUILDDIR/gcc</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>The library directory shown above may be different on your Linux machine; to determine + the correct directory, browse <code>/usr/lib/gcc-lib</code>, or execute</p> + <blockquote> + <pre>% cc -v tst/8q.c</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>and examine the diagnostic output. Make sure that <code>$BUILDDIR/gcc/cpp</code> and <code>$BUILDDIR/gcc/include</code> + point to, respectively, gcc's C preprocessor and header files. On Linux, lcc looks for + include files in <code>$BUILDDIR/include</code>, <code>$BUILDDIR/gcc/include</code>, and <code>/usr/include</code>, + in that order; see <a HREF="#driver"><em>Building the Driver</em></a> and <a + href="../etc/linux.c"><code>etc/linux.c</code></a> for details.</p> + </li> + <li>The <a HREF="../makefile"><code>makefile</code></a> includes the file named by the <code>CUSTOM</code> + macro; the default is <code>custom.mk</code>, and an empty <code>custom.mk</code> is + included in the distribution. If desired, prepare a site-specification customization file + and define <code>CUSTOM</code> to the path of that file when invoking make in steps 5 and + 6, e.g.,<blockquote> + <pre>make CUSTOM=/users/drh/solaris.mk</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>You can, for example, use customization files to record site-specific values for macros + instead of using environment variables, and to record targets for the steps in this list.</p> + </li> + <li>Build the host-specific driver, creating a custom host-specific part, if necessary. See <a + HREF="#driver"><em>Building the Driver</em></a>.</li> + <li>Build the preprocessor, compiler proper, library, and other accessories. See <a + HREF="#rcc"><em>Building the Compiler</em></a>.</li> + <li>Plant symbolic links to the build directory and to the installed programs, e.g.,<blockquote> + <pre>% ln -s $BUILDDIR /usr/local/lib/lcc +% ln -s /usr/local/lib/{lcc,bprint} /usr/local/bin</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>Some users copy <code>bprint</code> and <code>lcc</code> into <code>/usr/local/bin</code> + instead of creating symbolic links. The advantange of creating the links for <code>lcc</code> + and <code>bprint</code> as shown is that, once established, they point indirectly to + whatever <code>/usr/local/lib/lcc</code> points to; installing a new version of lcc, say, + 4.2, can be done by changing <code>/usr/local/lib/lcc</code> to point to the 4.2 build + directory.</p> + </li> +</ol> + +<h2><a NAME="driver">Building the Driver</a></h2> + +<p>The preprocessor, compiler, assembler, and loader are invoked by a driver program, <code>lcc</code>, +which is similar to <code>cc</code> on most systems. It's described in the man page <code>doc/lcc.1</code>. +The driver is built by combining the host-independent part, <a href="../etc/lcc.c"><code>etc/lcc.c</code></a>, +with a small host-specific part. Distributed host-specific parts are named <code>etc/</code><em>os</em><code>.c</code>, +where <em>os</em> is the name of the operating system for the host on which <code>lcc</code> +is being installed. If you're following the installations conventions described above, you +can probably use one of the host-specific parts unmodified; otherwise, pick one that is +closely related to your platform, copy it to <em>whatever</em><code>.c</code>, and edit it +as described below. You should not have to edit <code>etc/lcc.c</code>.</p> + +<p>We'll use <a HREF="../etc/solaris.c"><code>etc/solaris.c</code></a> as an example in +describing how the host-specific part works. This example illustrates all the important +features. Make sure you have the environment variable <code>BUILDDIR</code> set correctly, +and build the driver with a <code>make</code> command, e.g.,</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% make HOSTFILE=etc/solaris.c lcc +cc -g -c -DTEMPDIR=\"/tmp\" -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc.o etc/lcc.c +cc -g -c -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/host.o etc/solaris.c +cc -g -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc.o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/host.o</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>The symbolic name <code>HOSTFILE</code> specifies the path to the host-specific part, +either one in the distribution or <em>whatever</em><code>.c</code>. Some versions of make +may require the <code>-e</code> option in order to read the environment.</p> + +<p>Here's <code>etc/solaris.c</code>:</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>/* Sparcs running Solaris 2.5.1 at CS Dept., Princeton University */ + +#include <string.h> + +static char rcsid[] = "$ Id: solaris.c,v 1.10 1998/09/14 20:36:33 drh Exp $"; + +#ifndef LCCDIR +#define LCCDIR "/usr/local/lib/lcc/" +#endif +#ifndef SUNDIR +#define SUNDIR "/opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/" +#endif + +char *suffixes[] = { ".c", ".i", ".s", ".o", ".out", 0 }; +char inputs[256] = ""; +char *cpp[] = { LCCDIR "cpp", + "-D__STDC__=1", "-Dsparc", "-D__sparc__", "-Dsun", "-D__sun__", "-Dunix", + "$1", "$2", "$3", 0 }; +char *include[] = { "-I" LCCDIR "include", "-I/usr/local/include", + "-I/usr/include", 0 }; +char *com[] = { LCCDIR "rcc", "-target=sparc/solaris", + "$1", "$2", "$3", 0 }; +char *as[] = { "/usr/ccs/bin/as", "-Qy", "-s", "-o", "$3", "$1", "$2", 0 }; +char *ld[] = { "/usr/ccs/bin/ld", "-o", "$3", "$1", + SUNDIR "crti.o", SUNDIR "crt1.o", + SUNDIR "values-xa.o", "$2", "", + "-Y", "P," SUNDIR ":/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib", "-Qy", + "-L" LCCDIR, "-llcc", "-lm", "-lc", SUNDIR "crtn.o", 0 }; + +extern char *concat(char *, char *); + +int option(char *arg) { + if (strncmp(arg, "-lccdir=", 8) == 0) { + cpp[0] = concat(&arg[8], "/cpp"); + include[0] = concat("-I", concat(&arg[8], "/include")); + ld[12] = concat("-L", &arg[8]); + com[0] = concat(&arg[8], "/rcc"); + } else if (strcmp(arg, "-p") == 0) { + ld[5] = SUNDIR "mcrt1.o"; + ld[10] = "P," SUNDIR "libp:/usr/ccs/lib/libp:/usr/lib/libp:" + SUNDIR ":/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib"; + } else if (strcmp(arg, "-b") == 0) + ; + else if (strncmp(arg, "-ld=", 4) == 0) + ld[0] = &arg[4]; + else + return 0; + return 1; +}</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p><code>LCCDIR</code> defaults to <code>"/usr/local/lib/lcc/"</code> unless +it's defined by a <code>-D</code> option as part of <code>CFLAGS</code> in the make +command, e.g.,</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% make HOSTFILE=etc/solaris.c CFLAGS='-DLCCDIR=\"/v/lib/lcc/\"' lcc</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>Note the trailing slash; <code>SUNDIR</code> is provided so you can use <code>etc/solaris.c</code> +even if you have a different version of the Sun Pro compiler suite. If you're using the +gcc compiler tools instead of the Sun Pro tools, see <a HREF="../etc/gcc-solaris.c"><code>etc/gcc-solaris.c</code></a>.</p> + +<p>Most of the host-specific code is platform-specific data and templates for the commands +that invoke the preprocessor, compiler, assembler, and loader. The <code>suffixes</code> +array lists the file name suffixes for C source files, preprocessed source files, assembly +language source files, object files, and executable files. <code>suffixes</code> must be +terminated with a null pointer, as shown above. The initialization of <code>suffixes</code> +in <code><a HREF="../etc/solaris.c">etc/solaris.c</a></code> are the typical ones for UNIX +systems. Each element of <code>suffixes</code> is actually a list of suffixes, separated +by semicolons; <code><a HREF="../etc/win32.c">etc/win32.c</a></code> holds an example:</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>char *suffixes[] = { ".c;.C", ".i;.I", ".asm;.ASM;.s;.S", ".obj;.OBJ", ".exe", 0 };</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>When a list is given, the first suffix is used whenever lcc needs to generate a file +name. For example, with <code><a HREF="../etc/win32.c">etc/win32.c</a></code>, lcc emits +the generated assembly code into <code>.asm</code> files.</p> + +<p>The <code>inputs</code> array holds a null-terminated string of directories separated +by colons or semicolons. These are used as the default value of <code>LCCINPUTS</code>, if +the environment variable <code>LCCINPUTS</code> is not set; see the <a HREF="lcc.pdf">man +page</a>.</p> + +<p>Each command template is an array of pointers to strings terminated with a null +pointer; the strings are full path names of commands, arguments, or argument placeholders, +which are described below. Commands are executed in a child process, and templates can +contain multiple commands by separating commands with newlines. The driver runs each +command in a new process.</p> + +<p>The <code>cpp</code> array gives the command for running lcc's preprocessor, <code>cpp</code>. +Literal arguments specified in templates, e.g., <code>"-Dsparc"</code> in the <code>cpp</code> +command above, are passed to the command as given.</p> + +<p>The strings <code>"$1"</code>, <code>"$2"</code>, and <code>"$3"</code> +in templates are placeholders for <em>lists</em> of arguments that are substituted in a +copy of the template before the command is executed. <code>$1</code> is replaced by the <em>options</em> +specified by the user; for the preprocessor, this list always contains at least <code>-D__LCC__</code>. +<code>$2</code> is replaced by the <em>input</em> files, and <code>$3</code> is replaced +by the <em>output</em> file.</p> + +<p>Zero-length arguments after replacement are removed from the argument list before the +command is invoked. So, for example, if the preprocessor is invoked without an output +file, <code>"$3"</code> becomes <code>""</code>, which is removed from +the final argument list.</p> + +<p>The <code>include</code> array is a list of <code>-I</code> options that specify which +directives should be searched to satisfy include directives. These directories are +searched in the order given. The first directory should be the one to which the ANSI +header files were copied as described in <a HREF="#unix">UNIX</a> or <a HREF="#win32">Windows</a> +installation instructions. The driver adds these options to <code>cpp</code>'s arguments +when it invokes the preprocessor, except when <code>-N</code> is specified.</p> + +<p><code>com</code> gives the command for invoking the compiler. This template can appear +as shown above in a custom host-specific part, but the option <code>-target=sparc/solaris</code> +should be edited to the <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em> for your platform. If <code>com[1]</code> +includes the string "<code>win32</code>", the driver assumes it's running on +Windows. lcc can generate code for <em>all</em> of the <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em> +combinations listed in the file <code>src/bind.c</code>. The <code>-target</code> option +specifies the default combination. The driver's <code>-Wf</code> option can be used to +specify other combinations; the <a HREF="lcc.pdf">man page</a> elaborates.</p> + +<p><code>as</code> gives the command for invoking the assembler. On Linux, you must be +running at least version 2.8.1 of the GNU assembler; earlier versions mis-assemble some +instructions emitted by lcc.</p> + +<p><code>ld</code> gives the command for invoking the loader. For the other commands, the +list <code>$2</code> contains a single file; for <code>ld</code>, <code>$2</code> contains +all ".o" files and libraries, and <code>$3</code> is <code>a.out</code>, unless +the <code>-o</code> option is specified. As suggested in the code above, <code>ld</code> +must also specify the appropriate startup code and default libraries, including the lcc +library, <code>liblcc.a</code>.</p> + +<p>The <code>option</code> function is described below; the minimal <code>option</code> +function just returns 0.</p> + +<p>You can test <code>lcc</code> with the options <code>-v -v</code> to display the +commands that would be executed, e.g.,</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% $BUILDDIR/lcc -v -v foo.c baz.c mylib.a -lX11 +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/lcc $ Id: solaris.c,v 1.10 1998/09/14 20:36:33 drh Exp $ +foo.c: +/usr/local/lib/lcc/cpp -D__STDC__=1 -Dsparc -D__sparc__ -Dsun -D__sun__ -Dunix -D__LCC__ -I/usr/local/lib/lcc/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include foo.c /tmp/lcc266290.i +/usr/local/lib/lcc/rcc -target=sparc/solaris -v /tmp/lcc266290.i /tmp/lcc266291. +s +/usr/ccs/bin/as -Qy -s -o /tmp/lcc266292.o /tmp/lcc266291.s +baz.c: +/usr/local/lib/lcc/cpp -D__STDC__=1 -Dsparc -D__sparc__ -Dsun -D__sun__ -Dunix -D__LCC__ -I/usr/local/lib/lcc/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include baz.c /tmp/lcc266290.i +/usr/local/lib/lcc/rcc -target=sparc/solaris -v /tmp/lcc266290.i /tmp/lcc266291.s +/usr/ccs/bin/as -Qy -s -o /tmp/lcc266293.o /tmp/lcc266291.s +/usr/ccs/bin/ld -o a.out /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/crti.o /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/crt1.o /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/values-xa.o /tmp/lcc266292.o /tmp/lcc266293.o mylib.a -lX11 -Y P,/opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/:/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib -Qy -L/usr/local/lib/lcc/ -llcc -lm -lc /opt/SUNWspro/SC4.2/lib/crtn.o +rm /tmp/lcc266293.o /tmp/lcc266290.i /tmp/lcc266291.s /tmp/lcc266292.o</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>As the output shows, <code>lcc</code> places temporary files in <code>/tmp</code>; if +any of the environment variables <code>TMP</code>, <code>TEMP</code>, and <code>TMPDIR</code> +are set, they override this default (in the order shown) as does the <code>-tempdir=</code><em>dir</em> +option. The default can be changed by defining <code>TEMPDIR</code> in <code>CFLAGS</code> +when building the driver.</p> + +<p>The <code>option</code> function is called for the options <code>-Wo</code>, <code>-g</code>, +<code>-p</code>, <code>-pg</code>, and <code>-b</code> because these compiler options +might also affect the loader's arguments. For these options, the driver calls <code>option(arg)</code> +to give the host-specific code an opportunity to edit the <code>ld</code> command, if +necessary. <code>option</code> can change <code>ld</code>, if necessary, and return 1 to +announce its acceptance of the option. If the option is unsupported, <code>option</code> +should return 0.</p> + +<p>For example, in response to <code>-g</code>, the <code>option</code> function shown +above accepts the option but does nothing else, because the <code>ld</code> and <code>as</code> +commands don't need to be modified on the SPARC. <code>-g</code> will also be added to the +compiler's options by the host-independent part of the driver. The <code>-p</code> causes <code>option</code> +to change the name of the startup code and changed the list of libraries. The <code>-b</code> +option turns on <code>lcc</code>'s per-expression profiling, the code for which is in <code>liblcc.a</code>, +so <code>option</code> need no nothing.</p> + +<p>On SPARCs, the driver also recognizes <code>-Bstatic</code> and <code>-Bdynamic</code> +as linker options. The driver recognizes but ignores "<code>-target</code> <em>name</em>" +option.</p> + +<p>The option <code>-Wo</code><em>arg</em> causes the driver to pass <em>arg</em> to <code>option</code>. +Such options have no other effect; this mechanism is provided to support system-specific +options that affect the commands executed by the driver. As illustrated above, +host-specific parts should support the <code>-Wo-lccdir=</code><em>dir</em> option, which +causes lcc's compilation components to be found in <em>dir</em>, because this option is +used by the test scripts, and because the driver simulates a <code>-Wo-lccdir</code> +option with the value of the environment variable <code>LCCDIR</code>, if it's defined. +The code above rebuilds the paths to the include files, preprocessor, compiler, and +library by calling <code>concat</code>, which is defined in <code>etc/lcc.c</code>.</p> + +<h2><a NAME="rcc">Building the Compiler and Accessories</a></h2> + +<p>To build the rest of compilation components make sure <code>BUILDDIR</code> is set +appropriately and type "<code>make all</code>". This command builds <code>librcc.a</code> +(the compiler's private library), <code>rcc</code> (the compiler proper), <code>lburg</code> +(the code-generator generator), <code>cpp</code> (the preprocessor), <code>liblcc.a</code> +(the runtime library), and <code>bprint</code> (the profile printer), all in <code>BUILDDIR</code>. +There may be warnings, but there should be no errors. If you're using an ANSI/ISO compiler +other than <code>cc</code>, specify its name with the <code>CC=</code> option, e.g., +"<code>make CC=gcc all</code>". If you're running on a DEC ALPHA, use "<code>make +CC='cc -std1' all</code>"; the <code>-std1</code> option is essential on the ALPHA. +If you're on a DEC 5000 running Ultrix 4.3, use "<code>make CC=c89 all</code>".</p> + +<p>Once <code>rcc</code> is built with the host C compiler, run the test suite to verify +that <code>rcc</code> is working correctly. If any of the steps below fail, contact us +(see <a HREF="#bugs"><em>Reporting Bugs</em></a>). The commands in the makefile run the +shell script <code>src/run.sh</code> on each C program in the test suite, <code>tst/*.c</code>. +It uses the driver, <code>$BUILDDIR/lcc</code>, so you must have the driver in the build +directory before testing <code>rcc</code>. The <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em> +combination is read from the variable <code>TARGET</code>, which must be specified when +invoking <code>make</code>:</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% make TARGET=sparc/solaris test +mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/8q.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/array.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/cf.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/cq.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/cvt.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/fields.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/front.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/incr.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/init.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/limits.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/paranoia.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/sort.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/spill.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/stdarg.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/struct.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/switch.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/wf1.s: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc -target=sparc/solaris /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/sparc/solaris/tst/yacc.s:</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>Each line in the output above is of the form</p> + +<blockquote> + <p><code>$BUILDDIR/rcc -target=</code><em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em><code>$BUILDDIR/</code><em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em><code>/</code><em>X</em><code>.s:</code></p> +</blockquote> + +<p>where <em>X</em> is the base name of the C program <em>X</em><code>.c</code> in the +test suite. This output identifies the compiler and the target, e.g., "<code>$BUILDDIR/rcc</code> +is generating code for a <code>sparc</code> running the <code>solaris</code> operating +system."</p> + +<p>For each program in the test suite, <code>src/run.sh</code> compiles the program, drops +the generated assembly language code in <code>BUILDDIR</code>/<em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em>, +and uses <code>diff</code> to compare the generated assembly code with the expected code +(the code expected for <code>tst/8q.c</code> on the SPARC under Solaris is in <code>sparc/solaris/tst/8q.sbk</code>, +etc.). If there are differences, the script executes the generated code with the input +given in <code>tst</code> (the input for <code>tst/8q.c</code> is in <code>tst/8q.0</code>, +etc.) and compares the output with the expected output (the expected output from <code>tst/8q.c</code> +on the SPARC under Solaris is in <code>sparc/solaris/tst/8q.1bk</code>, etc.). The script +also compares the diagnostics from the compiler with the expected diagnostics.</p> + +<p>On some systems, there may be a few differences between the generated code and the +expected code. These differences occur because the expected code is generated by cross +compilation and the least significant bits of some floating-point constants differ from +those bits in constants generated on your system. On Linux, there may be differences +because of differences in the header files between our system and yours. There should be +no differences in the output from executing the test programs.</p> + +<p>Next, run the "triple test", which builds <code>rcc</code> using itself:</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% make triple +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc -d0.6 -Wo-lccdir=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris -B/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/ -Isrc src/*.c +src/alloc.c: +... +src/x86.c: +/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/lcc -o /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc -d0.6 -Wo-lccdir=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris -B/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/ -Isrc src/*.c +src/alloc.c: +... +src/x86.c: +strip /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/[12]rcc +dd if=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc of=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc1 bs=512 skip=1 +769+1 records in +769+1 records out +dd if=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/2rcc of=/usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc2 bs=512 skip=1 +769+1 records in +769+1 records out +if cmp /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc[12]; then \ + mv /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/2rcc /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc; \ + rm -f /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/1rcc /usr/local/lib/lcc-4.1/sparc-solaris/rcc[12]; fi</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>This command builds <code>rcc</code> twice; once using the <code>rcc</code> built by <code>cc</code> +and again using the <code>rcc</code> built by <code>lcc</code>. The resulting binaries are +compared. They should be identical, as shown at the end of the output above. If they +aren't, our compiler is generating incorrect code; <a HREF="#bugs">contact</a> us.</p> + +<p>The final version of <code>rcc</code> should also pass the test suite; that is, the +output from</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% make TARGET=sparc/solaris test</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>should be identical to that from the previous <code>make test</code>.</p> + +<p>The command "<code>make clean</code>" cleans up, but does not remove <code>rcc</code>, +etc., and "<code>make clobber</code>" cleans up and removes <code>lcc</code>, <code>rcc</code>, +and the other accessories. Test directories under <code>BUILDDIR</code> are <em>not</em> +removed; you'll need to remove these by hand, e.g.,</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% rm -fr $BUILDDIR/sparc</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>The code generators for the other targets can be tested by specifying the desired <em>target</em><code>/</code><em>os</em> +and setting an environment variable that controls what <code>src/run.sh</code> does. For +example, to test the MIPS code generator, type</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% setenv REMOTEHOST noexecute +% make TARGET=mips/irix test</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>As above, <code>src/run.sh</code> compares the MIPS code generated with what's +expected. There should be no differences. Setting <code>REMOTEHOST</code> to <code>noexecute</code> +suppresses the assembly and execution of the generated code. If you set <code>REMOTEHOST</code> +to the name of a MIPS machine to which you can <code>rlogin</code>, <code>src/run.sh</code> +will <code>rcp</code> the generated code to that machine and execute it there, if +necessary. See <code>src/run.sh</code> for the details.</p> + +<p>You can use lcc as a cross compiler. The options <code>-S</code> and <code>-Wf-target=</code><em>target/os</em> +generate assembly code for the specified target, which is any of those listed in the file <code>src/bind.c</code>. +For example, </p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% lcc -Wf-target=mips/irix -S tst/8q.c</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>generates MIPS code for <code>tst/8q.c</code> in <code>8q.s</code>.</p> + +<p>lcc can also generate code for a "symbolic" target. This target is used +routinely in front-end development, and its output is a printable representation of the +input program, e.g., the dags constructed by the front end are printed, and other +interface functions print their arguments. You can specify this target with the option <code>-Wf-target=symbolic</code>. +For example,</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>% lcc -Wf-target=symbolic -S tst/8q.c</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>generates symbolic output for <code>tst/8q.c</code> in <code>8q.s</code>. Adding <code>-Wf-html</code> +causes the symbolic target to emit HTML instead of plain text. Finally, the option <code>-Wf-target=null</code> +specifies the "null" target for which lcc emits nothing and thus only checks the +syntax and semantics of its input files.</p> + +<h2><a NAME="win32">Installation on Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 95/98</a></h2> + +<p>On Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 95/98, lcc is designed to work with Microsoft's Visual +C++ 5.0 (VC) and Microsoft's Assembler, MASM 6.11d. It uses the VC header files, +libraries, and command-line tools, and it uses MASM to assemble the code it generates. If +you have MASM 6.11, make sure you <a +HREF="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q138/9/83.asp">upgrade to 6.11d</a>, +because earlier 6.11 releases do not generate correct COFF object files.</p> + +<p>Building the distribution components from the ground up requires Microsoft's Visual +C/C++ 5.0 compiler, Microsoft's make, <code>nmake</code>, and the standard Windows command +interpreter. <a HREF="../makefile.nt"><code>makefile.nt</code></a> is written to use only <code>nmake</code>. +As on UNIX systems, the compilation components are installed in a single <em>build +directory</em>, and the top-level programs, <code>lcc.exe</code> and <code>bprint.exe</code>, +are installed in a directory on the PATH. If the conventions used below are followed, the +Windows-specific parts of the driver program, <code>lcc.exe</code>, can be used +unmodified.</p> + +<p>Building from the source distribution on a Windows system involves the following steps. +Below, the build directory is referred to as <code>BUILDDIR</code>, and the distribution +is in <code>\dist\lcc\4.1</code>. + +<ol> + <li>Create the build directory, perhaps using a version- and platform-specific naming + convention as suggested in <a HREF="#unix"><em>Installation on UNIX</em></a>, and record + the name of this directory in the <code>BUILDDIR</code> environment variable:<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>set BUILDDIR=\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin +C:\dist\lcc\4.1>mkdir %BUILDDIR%</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>The default build, or installation, directory is <code>\Program Files\lcc\4.1\bin</code>, + but the <code>nmake</code> commands require that you use the corresponding 8.3 file name, <code>progra~1</code>, + instead of <code>Program Files</code>.</p> + </li> + <li><a HREF="../etc/win32.c"><code>etc\win32.c</code></a> is the Windows-specific part of + the driver. It assumes that environment variable <code>include</code> gives the locations + of the VC header files and that the linker (<code>link.exe</code>) and the assembler (<code>ml.exe</code>) + are on the PATH. It also assumes that the macro <code>LCCDIR</code> gives the build + directory. If necessary, revise a copy of <a HREF="../etc/win32.c"><code>etc\win32.c</code></a> + to reflect the conventions on your computer (see <a HREF="#driver"><em>Building the Driver</em></a>), + then build the driver, specifying the default temporary directory, if necessary:<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt TEMPDIR=\\temp HOSTFILE=etc/win32.c lcc +... + cl -nologo -Zi -MLd -Fd\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\ -c -DTEMPDIR=\"\\temp\" -Fo\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\lcc.obj etc/lcc.c +lcc.c + cl -nologo -Zi -MLd -Fd\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\ -c -Fo\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\host.obj etc/win32.c +win32.c + cl -nologo -Zi -MLd -Fd\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\ -Fe\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\lcc.exe \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\lcc.obj \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\host.obj</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>If you make a copy of <code>etc\win32.c</code>, specify the path of the copy as the + value of <code>HOSTFILE</code>. For example, if you copy <code>etc\win32.c</code> to <code>BUILDDIR</code> + and edit it, use the command</p> + <blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt TEMPDIR=\\temp HOSTFILE=%BUILDDIR%\win32.c lcc</pre> + </blockquote> + </li> + <li>Build the preprocessor, compiler proper, library, and other accessories (see <a + HREF="#rcc"><em>Building the Compiler</em></a>):<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt all</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>This command uses the VC command-line tools <code>cl</code> and <code>lib</code> to + build <code>bprint.exe</code>, <code>cpp.exe</code>, <code>lburg.exe</code>, <code>liblcc.lib</code>, + <code>librcc.lib</code>, and <code>rcc.exe</code>, all in <code>BUILDDIR</code>. There may + be some warnings, but there should be no warnings.</p> + </li> + <li>Create a test directory and run the test suite:<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>mkdir %BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst +C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt test</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>This command compiles each program in <a HREF="../tst">tst</a>, compares the generated + assembly code and diagnostics with the expected assembly code and diagnostics, executes + the program, and compares the output with the expected output (using <code>fc</code>). For + example, when the nmake command compiles <a HREF="../tst/8q.c"><code>tst\8q.c</code></a>, + it leaves the generated assembly code and diagnostic output in <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.s</code> + and <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.2</code>, and it compares them with the expected + results in <code>x86\win32\tst\8q.sbk</code>. It builds the executable program in <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.exe</code>, + runs it, and redirects the output to <code>%BUILDDIR%\x86\win32\tst\8q.1</code>, which it + compares with <code>x86\win32\tst\8q.1bk</code>. The output from this step is voluminous, + but there should be no differences and no errors.</p> + </li> + <li>Run the "triple" test, which compiles <code>rcc</code> with itself and + verifies the results:<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt triple +... +\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\x86.c: + Assembling: C:/TEMP/lcc2001.asm + fc /b \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\1rcc.exe \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\2rcc.exe +Comparing files \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\1rcc.exe and \progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\2RCC.EXE +00000088: B4 D5</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>This command builds <code>rcc</code> twice; once using the <code>rcc</code> built by VC + and again using the <code>rcc</code> built by <code>lcc</code>. The resulting binaries are + compared using <code>fc</code>. They should be identical, except for one or two bytes of + timestamp data, as shown at the end of the output above. If they aren't, our compiler is + generating incorrect code; <a HREF="#bugs">contact</a> us.</p> + </li> + <li>Copy <code>lcc.exe</code> and <code>bprint.exe</code> to a directory on your PATH, e.g.,<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>copy %BUILDDIR%\lcc.exe \bin + 1 file(s) copied. + +C:\dist\lcc\4.1>copy %BUILDDIR%\bprint.exe \bin + 1 file(s) copied.</pre> + </blockquote> + </li> + <li>Finally, clean up:<blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>nmake -f makefile.nt clean</pre> + </blockquote> + <p>This command removes the derived files in <code>BUILDDIR</code>, but does not remove <code>rcc.exe</code>, + etc.; "<code>nmake -f makefile.nt clobber</code>" cleans up and removes all + executables and libraries. Test directories under <code>BUILDDIR</code> are <em>not</em> + removed; you'll need to remove these by hand, e.g.,</p> + <blockquote> + <pre>C:\dist\lcc\4.1>rmdir %BUILDDIR%\x86 /s +\progra~1\lcc\4.1\bin\x86, Are you sure (Y/N)? y</pre> + </blockquote> + </li> +</ol> + +<h2><a NAME="bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></h2> + +<p>lcc is a large, complex program. We find and repair errors routinely. If you think that +you've found a error, follow the steps below, which are adapted from the instructions in +Chapter 1 of <cite>A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation</cite>. + +<ol> + <li>If you don't have a source file that displays the error, create one. Most errors are + exposed when programmers try to compile a program they think is valid, so you probably + have a demonstration program already.</li> + <li>Preprocess the source file and capture the preprocessor output. Discard the original + code.</li> + <li>Prune your source code until it can be pruned no more without sending the error into + hiding. We prune most error demonstrations to fewer than five lines.</li> + <li>Confirm that the source file displays the error with the <em>distributed</em> version of + lcc. If you've changed lcc and the error appears only in your version, then you'll have to + chase the error yourself, even if it turns out to be our fault, because we can't work on + your code.</li> + <li>Annotate your code with comments that explain why you think that lcc is wrong. If lcc + dies with an assertion failure, please tell us where it died. If lcc crashes, please + report the last part of the call chain if you can. If lcc is rejecting a program you think + is valid, please tell us why you think it's valid, and include supporting page numbers in + the ANSI Standard, Appendix A in <cite>The C Programming Language</cite>, or the + appropriate section in <cite>C: A Reference Manual</cite>, 4th edition by S. B. Harbison + and G. L. Steele, Jr. (Prentice Hall, 1995). If lcc silently generates incorrect code for + some construct, please include the corrupt assembly code in the comments and flag the + incorrect instructions if you can.</li> + <li>Confirm that your error hasn't been fixed already. The latest version of lcc is always + available for anonymous <code>ftp</code> from <code>ftp.cs.princeton.edu</code> in <a + HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/lcc"><code>pub/lcc</code></a>. A <a + HREF="ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/lcc/README"><code>README</code></a> file there gives + acquistion details, and the <a HREF="../LOG"><code>LOG</code></a> file reports what errors + were fixed and when they were fixed. If you report a error that's been fixed, you might + get a canned reply.</li> + <li>Send your program by electronic mail to <code>lcc-bugs@cs.princeton.edu</code>. Please + send only valid C programs; put all remarks in C comments so that we can process reports + semiautomatically.</li> +</ol> + +<h2><a NAME="mailinglist">Keeping in Touch</a></h2> + +<p>There is an lcc mailing list for general information about lcc. To be added to the +list, send a message with the 1-line body</p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>subscribe lcc</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>to <code>majordomo@cs.princeton.edu</code>. This line must appear in the message body; +"Subject:" lines are ignored. To learn more about mailing lists served by <code>majordomo</code>, +send a message with the 1-word body "<code>help</code>" to <code>majordomo@cs.princeton.edu</code>. +Mail sent to <code>lcc@cs.princeton.edu</code> is forwarded to everyone on the mailing +list.</p> + +<p>There is also an <code>lcc-bugs</code> mailing list for reporting bugs; subscribe to it +by sending a message with the 1-line body </p> + +<blockquote> + <pre>subscribe lcc-bugs</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p>to <code>majordomo@cs.princeton.edu</code>. Mail addressed to <var>lcc-bugs@cs.princeton.edu</var> +is forwarded to everyone on this list.</p> + +<hr> + +<address> + <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~cwfraser/">Chris Fraser</a> / <a + HREF="mailto:cwfraser@microsoft.com">cwfraser@microsoft.com</a><br> + <a HREF="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~drh/">David Hanson</a> / <a + HREF="mailto:drh@microsoft.com">drh@microsoft.com</a><br> + $Revision: 145 $ $Date: 2001-10-17 16:53:10 -0500 (Wed, 17 Oct 2001) $ +</address> +</body> +</html> |