## Countability

1. Group the following sets according to their cardinality:

    a. $\mathbb{N} = \{ 1,2,3,4,\dots \}$
    - $\mathbb{Z} = \{ \dots, -2, -1,0,1,2, \dots \}$
    - $\mathbb{N} \times \mathbb{N}$
    - $\mathbb{Q}$ = Set of all fractions $\frac{n}{m}$ where $n,m \in \mathbb{Z}$
    - $\mathbb{R}$
    - The open interval $(0,1)$
    - The closed interval $[0,1]$
    - $2^{\mathbb{N}}$ = Set of all subsets of $\mathbb{N}$.
    - $2^{\mathbb{R}}$ = Set of all subsets of $\mathbb{R}$.
    - $\mathbb{R}^{\mathbb{R}}$ = Set of all functions from $\mathbb{R}$ to itself.

Cook up other examples and post them on the wiki!

2. Let $X$ be any set.  Show that the cardinality of $2^{X}$ is larger than the cardinality of $X$.  
(Hint: Let $f: X \to 2^X$ be a bijection.  Consider the set of all elements $x \in X$ such that $x$ is not an element of $f(x)$.)


## Fourier Series


1. Compute the Fourier Series of the following functions.  Do both the exponential and sin/cos expansions.
    a. $f(x) = \sin^3(3x)\cos^2(4x)$
    - $g(x) = x(x-2\pi)$  
      (Hint: Use integration by parts)

2. Show that  
$\int_0^{2\pi} \sin^4(x) dx = \frac{3 \pi}{4}$  
(Hint: write out the exponential fourier expansion of $\sin^4(x)$.)

3. Compute the exponential Fourier coefficients of $\sin^2(x)$:  
$a_n = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} \sin^2(x) e^{-inx} dx$  
and use this to show that  
$\int_0^{2\pi} |\sin^2(x)|^2 dx = \sum |a_n|^2.$  

# Solutions

2. Since
$\sin x = \frac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2}$,

$\sin^4 x = \frac{{( e^{ix}-e^{-ix} )}^4}{16}$
$= \frac{e^{i 4x}+e^{-i 4x}-4 e^{i 2x} -4 e^{-i 2x}+6}{16}$.

\\
If we express any periodic function $f(x)$ as 

$f(x) = \sum a_n f_n(x)$, where $f_n(x) = \frac{e^{inx}}{\sqrt{2\pi}}$ and $f_0(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}$,


The Fourier coefficients for the above functions are:

$a_{-4} = a_{4} = \sqrt{2\pi} \times 1/16$, $a_{-2} = a_{2} = - \sqrt{2\pi} \times 4/16$, $a_0 = \sqrt{2\pi} \times 6/16$


Since $a_m = < f_m, f >$ and setting $f(x) = \sin^4(x)$,

$\int_0^{2\pi} \sin^4(x) dx = <1, f> = \sqrt{2\pi} \times < f_0, f >$

$= \sqrt{2\pi} \times a_0 = \frac{3 \pi}{4}$


## Cardinality

Cardinality of the natural numbers (countable): $\mathbf{N}$,$\mathbf{Z}$  
Cardinality of the real numbers (continuum): $\mathbf{R}$

Proofs:  
- $\mathbf{Z}=\mathbf{N}$ under the bijection $n \mapsto 2n+1$ for nonnegative $n$ and $n \mapsto 2|n|$ for negative $n$. For example, $\{-2,-1,0,1,2\} \mapsto \{4,2,1,3,5\}$.